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Respiratory Anatomy > Thorax 1 > Flashcards

Thorax 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture

A

The top of the thoracic cavity

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2
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture called anatomically

A

Thoracic inlet

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3
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture called clinically

A

Thoracic outlet (as in thoracic outlet syndrome)

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4
Q

Where is the inferior thoracic aperture located

A

Bottom of the thoracic cavity

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5
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture bounded by

A

1) The first thoracic vertebra (T1) posteriorly
2) The first pair of ribs laterally
3) The costal cartilage of the first rib
4) The superior border of the manubrium anteriorly

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6
Q

Describe the shape of the first rib

A

Broad and flat

Surfaces looking upward and downward

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7
Q

Describe the upper surface of the body of the 1st rib

A

It is is marked by two shallow grooves that are separated by the scalene tubercle

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8
Q

What does the upper surface of the body of the 1st rib attach to

A

Scalene muscle

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9
Q

Describe the head of the 1st rib

A

It has a single articular facet for articulation with the body of the first thoracic vertebra

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10
Q

What does the anterior groove of the 1st rib lodge

A

Subclavian vein

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11
Q

What does the posterior groove of the 1st rib lodge

A

Subclavian artery and lowest trunk of the brachial plexus

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12
Q

What does the head of the rib articulate with

A

Body of thoracic vertebra of the same number and vertebra above

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13
Q

At which joint does the head of the rib articulate with thoracic vertebra

A

Costovertebral joints

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14
Q

What type of joint is the costovertebral joint

A

Synovial plane

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15
Q

How many vertebral bodies does the head of the rib articulate with

A

2

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16
Q

What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with

A

Transverse process of thoracic vertebra of the same number

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17
Q

At which joint does the tubercle of the rib articulate

A

Costovertebral joint

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18
Q

What is the inferior thoracic aperture bound by

A

1) The 12th thoracic vertebra posteriorly
2) 11th and 12th pairs of ribs laterally
3) Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
4) Xiphisternal joint anteriorly

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19
Q

What separated the inferior thoracic aperture and the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity

A

Thoraco-abdominal diaphragm

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20
Q

What is a diaphragm

A

A fibromuscular membrane that is stretched across the midline of the body

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21
Q

Where does the left side of the chest drain into

A

Thoracic duct

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22
Q

Where does the right side of the chest drain into

A

Right lymphatic duct

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23
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into

A

Left brachiocephalic vein

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24
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into

A

Right brachiocephalic vein

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25
Q

What type of attachments can the diaphragm have

A

Peripheral

Central

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26
Q

Name the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

A

1) Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
2) Costal cartilages of ribs 7-12
3) Xiphoid process of the sternum

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27
Q

Name the central attachment of the diaphragm

A

Central tendon

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28
Q

Describe the structure of the diaphragm which arises from vertebrae

A

Tendinous

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29
Q

What is the diaphragm which arises from the vertebrae known as

A

Right and left curura

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30
Q

Where does the right crus arise from

A

L1-L3

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31
Q

What do some fibres from the right crus surround

A

Oesophageal opening

Prevents reflux of gastric contents back into the oesophagus

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32
Q

Where does the left crus arise from

A

L1-L2 and their intervertebral discs

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33
Q

What is the primary muscle of respiration

A

Diaphragm

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34
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration

A

Contracts and descends

Dome flattens

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35
Q

What does the flattening of the dome do

A

Increases vertical diameter of thoracic cavity

36
Q

What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve

A

Anterior rami of C3, C4 (mainly) and C5

37
Q

Are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve motor or sensory

A

Both

38
Q

What are the motor functions of the phernic nerve

A

To pierce and innervate the diaphragm from its inferior surface

39
Q

What are the sensory functions of the phernic nerve

A

To supply the central part of the diaphragm

40
Q

What are the pheripheral portions of the diaphragm innervated by

A

Sensory fibres of intercostal nerves, T7-T12

41
Q

What are hiatuses in the diaphragm

A

Openings

42
Q

Name the three hiatuses found in the diaphragm

A

T8 – Caval opening
T10 – Oesophgeal hiatus
T12 – Aortic hiatus

43
Q

What does the caval opening pass through

A

Central tendon of the diaphragm

44
Q

What does the caval opening transmit

A

Inferior vena cava

Right phrenic nerve

45
Q

Where is the oesophageal hiatus located

A

Through the muscular sling of the right crus

46
Q

What does the oesophageal hiatus transmit

A

Oesophagus

Both vagus nerves

47
Q

Where is the aortic hiatus located

A

Between the left and right crus

48
Q

What does the aortic hiatus transmit

A

Aorta
Azygous vein
Hemiazygous vein
Thoracic duct

49
Q

Where is the upper respiratory tract located

A

Above the sternal angle (outside the thorax)
or
Above cricoid cartilage

50
Q

What component of the respiratory tract can be considered as part of the upper or lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx

51
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of

A

Trachea
Bronchi (primary, secondary and tertiary)
Bronchioles (including terminal and respiratory)
Lungs (including alveoli)

52
Q

What is the respiratory/tracheobronchial tree

A

The branching structure of airways supplying air to the lungs and includes the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

53
Q

What does the conducting portion of the respiratory tract include

A 
Trachea
Main bronchus
Lobar bronchus
Segmental bronchus
Conducting bronchiole 
Terminal bronchiole
54
Q

What does the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract include

A

Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolus

55
Q

What occurs in the conducting portion

A

No gas exchange

56
Q

What occurs in the respiratory portion

A

Gas exchange

57
Q

Where is the larynx found

A

Anterior neck between C3-C6

58
Q

Where does the larynx extend from

A

Top of the epiglottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage

59
Q

What is the larynx innervated by

A

Branches of vagus nerve

60
Q

Where is the hyoid located

A

C2/3

61
Q

Where is the thyrohyoid membrane located

A

C4

62
Q

Where is the laryngeal prominence located

A

C5

63
Q

Where is the cricoid cartilage and start if trachea located

A

C6

64
Q

Name the lung borders

A

Anterior
Posterior
Inferior

65
Q

Name the lung lobes

A

Superior
Inferior
Middle
Lingula

66
Q

Which lobes are only found in the right lung

A

Middle

Lingula

67
Q

Name the lung surfaces

A

Costal
Mediastinal (medial)
Diaphragmatic (inferior)

68
Q

What is the lung hilum

A

An area located on the medial/mediastinal surface of lung

69
Q

What is the lung root

A

Group of structures (bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics, nerves) that the enter or leave the lung hilum

70
Q

What is additional bronchus in the right lung hilum called

A

Eparterial bronchus (above the artery)

71
Q

What does the parietal pleura consist of

A

Somatic nerves

Pain sensitive

72
Q

What does the visceral pleura consist of

A 
Autonomic nerves (T2-T5)
Pain insensitive
73
Q

What is the pleural reflection

A

The place at which parietal pleura changes its direction of travel

74
Q

What is the pleural recess

A

The increased space between the layers of pleura occurring at the pleural reflections

75
Q

What type of reflection and recesses are there

A

Costomediastinal

Costodiaphragmatic (costophrenic)

76
Q

What can allow the inferior margin of the lung to be identified

A

Midclavicular line
Midaxillary line
Midscapular line

77
Q

Where is the midclavicular line located

A

Rib 6

78
Q

Where is the midaxillary line located

A

Rib 8

79
Q

Where is the midscapular line loctated

A

Rib 10

80
Q

Which ribs identify the inferior margin of the parietal pleura

A

Rib 8
Rib 10
Rib 12

81
Q

What does the horizontal fissure of the right lung follow

A

The line of the 4th rib anteriorly

82
Q

Where does the oblique fissure of both lungs begin

A

At spine of T3 and follows line of 6th rib anteriorly

83
Q

What are the large bronchi similar to histologically

A

Trachea

84
Q

Describe the features of bronchioles

A

Diameter of 1mm or less
No cartilage, no glands and no goblet cells in walls compared to the trachea and larger bronchi
Epithelium is either columnar or cuboidal

85
Q

Name three things that can happen as the tubes become smaller within the lung

A
  1. The epithelium becomes flatter from trachea to alveoli goes from columnar to cuboidal to squamous
  2. Cartilage reduces from rings to small plates to complete absence in the bronchioles
  3. Mucous-secreting glands and goblet cells decrease to complete absence in the bronchioles

Respiratory Anatomy (1 decks)

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