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Diagnostic Imaging > Thoracic Radiology > Flashcards

Thoracic Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Signs of left sided cardiomegaly: left lateral

A

1) flattened caudodorsal margin
2) wide and tall
3) dorsal elevation of trachea

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2
Q

Signs of left sided cardiomegaly: DV

A

1) left atrial enlargement at 6:00
2) left auricle enlargement at 2-3:00

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3
Q

Signs of right sided cardiomegaly: left lateral

A

1) increased sternal contact
2) increased amount of heart cranial to carina (more than 1/2)
3) rounded cranial margin

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4
Q

Signs of right-sided cardiomegaly: DV

A

1) reverse D
2) enlargement of MPA
3) enlargement of right atria

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5
Q

veins are located…

A

ventrally and centrally

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6
Q

what is a sign of artery enlargement and what does this indicate

A

tortuosity; indicates pulmonary hypertension

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7
Q

Signs of feline cardiomegaly: left lateral

A

1) indented caudal margin
2) rounded caudodorsal margin
3) bean shape
4) venous enlargement

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8
Q

Signs of feline cardiomegaly: DV

A

valentine shape

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9
Q

Signs of a PDA

A

1) aortic enlargement
2) MPA enlargement
3) left-sided cardiomegaly

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10
Q

what pulmonary vessels can we consistently see on:
a) left lateral
b) DV

A

a) pulmonary vessels to the cranial lung lobe
b) pulmonary vessels to the caudal lung lobe

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11
Q

what causes an enlarged pulmonary artery

A

1) left to right shunts
2) heartworm
3) pulmonary hypertension

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12
Q

what causes an enlarged pulmonary vein

A

left-sided heart failure

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13
Q

if you take an expiratory radiograph what happens

A

lungs whiter than normal, get atelectasis (artifact due to incomplete inhalation)

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14
Q

what does a caudodorsal lung distribution indicate

A

cardiogenic or non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

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15
Q

what does a cranioventral lung distribution indicate

A

pneumonia, hemorrhage, or neoplasia

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16
Q

define an interstitial pattern

A

soft tissue opacity in the lungs that partially silhouettes with the pulmonary vessels

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17
Q

define an alveolar pattern

A

soft tissue opacity in the lungs that totally obscures the pulmonary vessels

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18
Q

what are two signs associated with an alveolar pattern

A

air bronchogram and lobar sign

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19
Q

is interstitial or alveolar pattern more severe

A

alveolar

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20
Q

what is a bronchial pattern

A

soft tissue opacity that follows the airways, creating parallel lines and rings

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21
Q

what can cause a bronchial pattern

A

airway disease and lymphatic disease

22
Q

T/F pleural fluid can silhouette with lung pathologies, the heart and the diaphragm

A

T

23
Q

what are signs of pleural fluid

A

1) silhouetting with structures (heart, diaphragm)
2) pleural fissures
3) rounding of lung lobes

24
Q

how can you distinguish fat in the mediastinum from pleural fluid

A

1) apex of heart on a lateral view will not silhouette with fat, but will with fluid
2) pleural fluid will obscure the heart on a VD view

25
Q

signs of a pneumothorax

A

1) lungs retracted
2) air-filled space where lungs normally extend
3) blood vessels do not extend all the way to the body wall
4) dorsal deviation of the heart

26
Q

pulmonary masses make what angle with the body wall? what about non-pulmonary masses

A

pulmonary: acute angle
non-pulmonary: obtuse angle

27
Q

what is the most common cause of a widened mediastinum

A

fat accumulation in the cranial mediastinum

28
Q

what is the normal width of the cranial mediastinum

A

no more than 2x the width of the thoracic vertebrae

29
Q

mediastinal masses result in (3):

A

1) dorsal displacement of the caudal trachea
2) widening of the mediastinum
3) displacement of the lungs

30
Q

what are the mediastinal lymph nodes (3)

A

1) sternal lymph nodes
2) cranial mediastinal lymph nodes
3) tracheobronchial lymph nodes

31
Q

T/F the normal thoracic lymph nodes are visible

A

F; only become visible if enlarged or if pneumomediastinum

32
Q

how can you distinguish between enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes and an enlarged left atria (as they are both at the same location)

A

enlarged tracheobronchial ln will cause VENTRAL displacement of the trachea whereas left atrial enlargement will cause DORSAL displacement of the trachea (as well as other signs associated with left-sided heart failure)

33
Q

where are the sternal ln located

A

dorsally to the 2nd to 3rd sternebrae

34
Q

what is a sign of esophageal enlargement, especially megaesophagus

A

tracheal stripe sign (prominent thickened dorsal margin of trachea due to superimposition of the tracheal and esophageal walls)

35
Q

what are the signs of an esophageal FB

A

soft tissue or mineralized opacity in the esophagus

36
Q

what are the signs of a persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)

A

1) focal megaesophagus cranially
2) left deviation of trachea

37
Q

what is a common sequelae of megaesophagus

A

aspiration pneumonia -> alveolar pattern present

38
Q

what type of hernia is present in brachycephalic breeds

A

hiatal

39
Q

signs of a hiatal hernia

A

1) cranially rounded soft tissue/gas opacity in plane with the esophagus
2) broad base to diaphgram

40
Q

signs of diaphragmatic hernia

A

abdominal contents in the thorax

41
Q

signs of peritoneal-pericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH)

A

1) abdominal contents in pericardium
2) reduced cranial abdominal content
3) enlarged cardiac silhouette with non-uniform soft tissue opacity

42
Q

what great vessels can you normally see in a thoracic radiograph

A

aorta, caudal vena cava

43
Q

what lateral projection highlights the left lung lobes

A

right lateral

44
Q

what lateral projection highlights the right lung lobes

A

left lateral

45
Q

what is the caudal mediastinal reflection and where do we see it

A

on the VD view, thin soft tissue line extending from cardiac apex to diaphragm on the left side of the patient

46
Q

what is the word to describe multidimensional imaging and what is the most common

A

tomographic imaging; CT

47
Q

concentric vs eccentric hypertrophy

A

concentric: myocardium enlarged, volume decreases
eccentric: myocardium same size, volume increases

48
Q

is right or left sided cardiomegaly more common

A

left

49
Q

what are signs of left sided congestive heart failure

A
  • pulmonary venous enlargement
  • enlargement of the cardiac silhouette
  • interstitial and/or alveolar pattern
50
Q

what are signs of pericardial effusion

A
  • globoid cardiomegaly
  • pulmonary arteries smaller
  • enlarged cardiac silhouette
51
Q

what are the signs of tension pneumothorax

A
  • barrelling of ribs
  • may see normal structures deviated to one side
  • large volume of gas in affected pleural space
  • marked deviation of heart
52
Q

characteristics of thymoma

A

1) mass in the cranial mediastinum
2) megaesophagus
3) aspiration pneumonia (secondary to megaesophagus)

Diagnostic Imaging (2 decks)

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