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Semester 3 FS Exam 2 > Thoracic Biomechanics > Flashcards

Thoracic Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Regions

A

3 Upper, middle, lower

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2
Q

Upper region from

A

T1-T4

Acts like cervical

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3
Q

Middle region from

A

T5-T9

Acts like thoracic - unique part

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4
Q

Lower region from

A

T10-T12

Acts like lumbar

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5
Q

Thoracic spine body characteristics

A

Wedge shaped - shorter ant
Kyphotic curvature from shape/height of body
Inc size as go down - mobility dec as go down
Ing endplates larger
AP diameter is bigger than ML diameter

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6
Q

Thoracic angle of inclination at T6/T7

A

75 degrees

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7
Q

Sup facets face

A

post and lateral

to medially at the lower thoracic

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8
Q

Spinous processes change in shape - Upper

Middle, Lower

A 
Upper = Extend horizontally 
Middle = Post and inf
Lower = Shorter and project post
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9
Q

Trans processes change in shape

A

Length dec as go down

Inc in size as go down

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10
Q

Ribs - pairs, typical, neck extends…

A

12 pairs and the sternum
Typical = 2 to 9
Neck extends post and lat from head

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11
Q

Ribs - head and neck are
Body is
Tubercle is

A

Head and neck are posterior
Body is anterior
Tubercle is on post surface

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12
Q

Ribs - facet

A

1, 10-12 have a single head facet

Others have two

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13
Q

Sternum - Con

A

Convex ant

Concave post

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14
Q

Sternum - sternal notch at

A

T3

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15
Q

Sternum - body at

A

T5-T9 vertebrae

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16
Q

Sternum - sternomanubrial junction

A

160 degrees

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17
Q

Sternum - xiphisternal junction ossifies by

A

40 years old

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18
Q

Joints of the thoracic region

A
  1. IVD
  2. Facets
  3. Costovertebral - rib to body of vert
  4. Costotransverse - tubercle of rib to TP
  5. Rib to sternum
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19
Q

IVD

A

Typical
Gelatinous nucleus
Annulus Fibrosis

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20
Q

Where are the thinnest IVD

A

Upper throacic

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21
Q

How do you look at mobility for thoracic

A

Ratio of disc height to body height reflects the mobility
Avg height of disc/Avg height of body above
Higher the ratio = higher the mobility
Thoracic has smallest ratio

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22
Q

Facet joints

A

Gliding synovial joint

Limit flexion, ant translation

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23
Q

Facet joints - ant instability due to

A

Issue with structures that limit flexion

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24
Q

Facet joints - post instability due to

A

issues with structures that limit extension

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25
Q

Rib cage - multiplies the ability of what

A

by 4 times - the ability of the thoracic spine to sustain compressive load

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26
Q

Rib cage - made up of

A

7 vertebrosternal pairs (direct connection)
3 vertebrochondral pairs (costal cartilage)
2 vertebral pairs (floating)

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27
Q

Rib cage - width with expansion

A

Width becomes larger ML and AP when expands

Length becomes shorter (because comes up)

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28
Q

Costovertebral and Costotransverse joints

A

Posterior

Gliding joints that together allow rotation movement of the ribs

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29
Q

Costovertebral joint - supportedd

A

Joint capsule
Interarticular ligament
Radiate ligament

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30
Q

Rib 8 connects in space btw

A

rib 7 and 8

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31
Q

Interarticular ligament

A

Inside the joint capsule

Connects the body of the vertebrae, head to body

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32
Q

Radiate ligament

A

Outside the joint capsule

Expands all the way around

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33
Q

Goal of interarticular and radiate ligament

A

maintain stability of head with structures it connects to on vertebral column

34
Q

Costotransverse -

A

Facet of TP to facet on tubercle of rib

35
Q

Costotransverse - supported

A 
Joint capsule
Costotransverse ligament (neck to vertebrae)
Lateral costotransverse ligament (enforcement of joint capsule) 
Post costotransverse ligament (suspend the rib from above vertebrae)
36
Q

Anterior joints between sternum anterior

A 
Costal cartilage, junction btw rib and cartilage (NO MOTION), Btw cartilage and sternum (allows mobility of rib cage)
1st rib to manubrium 
2nd rib to sternomabubrial junction
3rd-7th to body
8th-10th the cartilage of the 7th
37
Q

Thoracic spine motion is limited by

A

Orientation of facets
Thickness of IVDs
Presence of the ribs

38
Q

Segmental mobility - sag plane

A

flex/ext

Inc as go down

39
Q

Segmental mobility - frontal plane

A

lateral

ROM constant or inc slightly as go down

40
Q

Segmental mobility - transverse plane

A

rotation

ROM dec

41
Q

Cervical facets

A

More horizontal

Sup facets post and sup

42
Q

Thoracic facets

A

Progressively more vertical

Sup facets post and lat

43
Q

Lumbar facets

A

Almost vertical

Sup facets med and post

44
Q

With flexion - facets

A

Sup translation of above vertebrae

Has to climb up and over

45
Q

With extension -

A

compression forces are developed wthin the facets limiting the ROM

46
Q

What limits extension ROM

A

SP

47
Q

What reduces segmental mobility in all diretions

A

Ribs

48
Q

Couple motion

A

All motion of thoracic is coupled because of ribs

49
Q

Primary coupling

A

LF and Rot

50
Q

Upper throacic coupling

A

LF and ipsilateral rotation (like mid and low cerical)

51
Q

Mid and lower thoracic coupling

A

Depends on sagittal plane position
Flexion = SB and Rot in same direction
Extension = SB and Rot in opposit

52
Q

Rib cage motion- closed kinetic chain including

A

A single vertebrae, a rib pair, a costal cartilage/sternum

53
Q

Primary motion - rib cage

A

Elevation and depression
Hinge like
Expands the chest volume (7cm)

54
Q

Sagittal plane - rib cage motion

A

Pump handle motion

Up and forward

55
Q

Frontal plane - rib cage motion

A

bucket handle motion

Up and lateral

56
Q

Rib elevation - motion on costal cartilage and sternum

A

Sternum - ant and sup

Costal cartilage - torsion

57
Q

Rib motion as a result of thoracic spine motion - Flex, Ext, LF, Rot

A

Flex - Depression
Ext - Elevation
LF - Ipsilateral approximation, Contralateral separation
Rot - Ipsilateral TP moves post and pulls rib, inc the curvature
Contralateral TP moves ant pushing rib and becomes more shallow

58
Q

Superficial layer

A

Trap
Rhomboids
Lat

59
Q

Trap

A

Contralateral Rot

60
Q

Rhomboids

A

Contralateral Rot

61
Q

Lat

A

Ipsilateral rot with help of pec major and ant deltoid
Ext lower thoracic
Flex upper thoracic
Ipsilateral flexion

62
Q

Deep layer

A

Erector spinae group

63
Q

Erector spinae group - mm

A

Spinalis T, C, C
Longissimus T, C, C
Iliocostalis L, T, C

64
Q

Erector spinae group - mm action

A 
Bilaterally trunk ext
Unilaterally ipsilateral flex and rot
Contract ecc with forward bend
Contract conc with return to erect position 
Slow twitch fibers
65
Q

Transversospinalis group

A 
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
Bilat = ext
Unilat = ipsilateral flex, contralateral rot
66
Q

Intrinsic muscles of thorac

A 
Serratus post
Intercostal mm
Diaphragm
Transversus thoracis
Subcostales
Levator costarum
67
Q

Serratud post

A

Superior and inf (inf not all have)
Sup = elevate ribs
Inf = depress ribs

68
Q

Intercostal mm

A 
External = inspiration 
Internal = exhalation
Innermost = exhalation (on post part)
69
Q

Diaphragm

A

Lowers the floor of thoracic cavity (inc height and volume)

Elevates the lower ribs (inc AP and ML diameter of the thorax - inc in volume)

70
Q

Transversus thoracis

A

Depresses lower ribs, dec thoracic volume, contributes to exhalation

71
Q

Subcostales

A

Appear to depress the ribs

72
Q

Levator Costarum

A

Appear to elevate the ribs
TP to rib below, suspensory mm
Can also elevate ribs though

73
Q

Superincumbent weight

A

Distibuted btw thoracic bodies and the facet

3 column support that turns to one at lumber

74
Q

External moment on thoracic spne

A

Flexion

75
Q

The greater the thoracic kyphosis

A

The greater the Mext

76
Q

Mext from T1-T4

A

Inc here and then dec

77
Q

ERector spinae activation with forward bending

A

Not much past 30-40 degrees

When working these mm important to work before this range to get the muscles activated

78
Q

Muscles forces and kyphotic posture

A

Much more mm forces needed with kyphotic posture

More shear and comp too with more kyphotic posture

79
Q

As kyphotic posture inc

A

the external flexion moment and internal extension moment inc and this created an inc in the reaction force btw the vertebral bodies

80
Q

Compression failure

A

Occurs at thoracic spine at the ant aspect of the body creating a wedge fracture (ant part is more compressed)
Wedge fracture –> inc kyphosis –> further compression failure –> further wedge fracture –> and so on

Semester 3 FS Exam 2 (2 decks)

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