Thoracic anatomy and a basics

Question 0

Causes of pleural nodules in a random distribution?

Answer 0

Miliary Infection:

Tb, fungal, mets

Question 1

Causes of centrilobular nodules?

Answer 1

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Reap Bronchiolitis
Bronchioalveolar Ca
Infectious Disease

Question 2

Causes of septal/sub pleural/perilymphatic pleural nodules

Answer 2

Sarcoidosis
Silicosis
Lymphangitic Ca

Question 3

Causes of tree in bud appearance?

Answer 3

Dilated and impacted centrilobular bronchioles.

Infection: TB/MAC/Bacterial/Fungal
Airways: bronchiectasis/cystic fibrosis
ABPA: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Question 4

Difference between ground glass and consolidation?

Answer 4

Both high attenuation patterns. Ground glass doesn’t obscure the underlying vessels.

Both due to replacement of air by fluid cells or fibrosis

Question 5

Causes of ACUTE ground glass opacity?

Answer 5

Pulmonary oedema: heart failure/ards
Pulmonary Haemorrhage
Pneumonia: viral/mycoplasma/pcp
Acute eosinophilia pneumonia

Question 6

Causes of chronic ground glass opacity?

Answer 6

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Organising pneumonia
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia

Alveolar protienosis
Lung fibrosis
Bronchioalveolar carcinoma

Question 7

Causes of consolidation on CT

Answer 7

Pneumonia: Bacterial/PCP/Viral/Mycoplasma/Eosinophilic/Organising

Edema: Heart failure / Ards / AIP

Fibrosis: UIP NSIP Radiation
Tumor: Bronchoalveolar carcinoma. Lymphoma.
Idiopathic: sarcoidosis. Alveolar protienosis

Question 8

Difference between a cavity and a cyst

Answer 8

Cavity. Radio Lucent area wall > 4mm

Cyst. Wall < 4mm

Question 9

Difference between emphysema and cyst

Answer 9

Cysts have walls

Question 10

Difference between para septal/pan lobar and centrilobular emphysema

Answer 10

Para septal: pleura and fissures. Associated with spontaneous pneumothorax

Pan lobar: lower lobe common. Alpha-1-anti trypsin def and smokers

Centrilobular: most common. destruction of alveolar walls upper love common. Smoking.

Question 11

Causes of bronchiectasis

Answer 11

Infection
Cystic fibrosis
Asthma
Immune deficiency

Question 12

Signs of bronchiectasis

Answer 12

Dilatation
Wall thickening
Lack of airway tapering at peripheries
Mucus retention

Question 13

Causes of Cystic lung diseases

Answer 13

Lymphangioleiomyimatosis
Langerhans cell histopcytosis
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia 
Pneumatoceles PCP
Honey combing

Question 14

Difference between honeycombing and para septal emphysema

Answer 14

Honeycombing exists in layers.

Para septal emphysema in a single layer

Question 15

Causes of lung honeycombing

Answer 15

Interstitial Fibrosis
RA, scleroderma 
Drug reaction
Asbestosis
End stage hypersensitivity pneumonitis

End stage sarcoidosis

Question 16

Causes of upper zone interstitial lung disease

Answer 16

Sarcoidosis. Silicosis
Coal workers pneumoconiosis
Centrilolobar emphysema 
Langerhans cell histopcytosis
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Question 17

Causes of lower zone interstitial lung disease

Answer 17

Edema
Panlobular emphysema
UIP : IPF. Collagen vascular disease. Asbestosis

Question 18

Causes of central interstitial lung disease

Answer 18

Sarcoidosis

Bronchitis

Question 19

Causes of peripheral interstitial lung disease

Answer 19

Boop/cop
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
Haematogenous metastasis
UIP in IPF. Collagen vascular disease

Question 20

Eggshell calcification

Answer 20

Calcified lymph node seen in silicosis. Coal workers pneumoconiosis

Also sarcoidosis Hodgkins. Scleroderma. Blastomycosis.

Question 21

Causes of hilar lymphadenopathy

Answer 21

Lung carcinoma
Lymphangitic spread of carcinoma 
Progressive systemic sclerosis
Active tb
Atypical myobacterium infection 
Sarcoidosis 

Coal workers pneumoconiosis
Silicosis

Question 22

What’s the 1-2-3 sign

Answer 22

Right para tracheal and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy seen in sarcoidosis

Question 23

What is the crazy paving appearance on lung ct?

Answer 23

Ground glass + thickened inter lobar septum.

Seen in Alveolar proteinosis