Thoracic Flashcards

1
Q
A

Unilateral Hypertransradiancy

-Rotation (lucent side closer to the tube ie away from the plate)

  • Airway obstruction/FB

-PTx

Chest wall =
- Mastectomy
- Poland syndrome
- Polio

Swyer-james
- unilateral hyperlucent lung on radiography and air-trapping +/- bronchiectasis on CT. underdeveloped pulonary vasculatiry
- Unilateral or focal postinfectious Constrictive bronchiolitis

-emphysema

Congenital Lobar Emphysema
- Neonates (hyperexpansion
Mass effect on adjacent uninvolved lung &/or mediastinum
Left upper lobe > middle lobe > right upper lobe

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2
Q
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MAC

Tree in bud - terminal bronchiole filled with radiopaque material
cylindric bronchiectasis
clasically right middle lobe or lingula (aka lady windermere syndrome)

Other causes/areas of lung
TB (Pus)
CF, ABPA (mucus)
Cells - Breast and gastric cancer
Aspiration
CMV (bronchial wall thickening)

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3
Q
A

Angioinvasive aspergillosis

Halo sign
=Nodule/mass/consolidation surrounded by ground-glass opacity related to hemorrhage

Air crescent sign
=Crescent-shaped gas collection within nodule, mass, or consolidation
heralds improvement in the condition.

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4
Q
A

Aspergilloma
Nodule or mass within preexisting cavity
Lies dependent/ Intracavitary movement

Monod sign - gas that surrounds a mycetoma/aspergilloma in a pre-existing pulmonary cavity

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5
Q
A

ABPA

‘Migratory’ airway consolidation

**Central (saccular) and upper lobe predomiannt bronchiectasis
(peripheral bronchi clasically spared)

**Dense mucoid impaction/finger in gloove - High-attenuating (>70–100 HU) bronchial contents represent fungal debris

Asthma

Cavity formation possible in later stage

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6
Q
A

Mucormycosis

Difficult to discern radiologically and clinically from aspergillosis

Can have halo sign but more specific reverse halo sign

unlike COP, peripheral capsule in the reversed halo sign tends to be thicker

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7
Q
A

Septic emboli

Peripheral wedges shaped densities +/- cavity
Lower lobe predominant

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8
Q

CAVITY mnemonic?

A

*Cancer (Squamous)
*Auto-immune (Wegners, Rheumatoid/caplan)
*Vascular - multiple pulmonary infarcts
*Infection - septic emboli - TB, staph, strep
*Truama - pneumatoceles
Y - Young - CPAM, Sequestrations

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9
Q
A

Round atelectasis

Comet tail sign
Adjacent to thickened pleural (assoacited with asbestosis) +/- Ca2+
can mimic a lung mass

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10
Q
A

Carcinoid

Endobronchial lesion, calcification (1/3).
Avid enhancement.

commonest lung primary in children and young adults

Atypical carcinoid are rare and can have no/heterogenous enhancement

iodine-123-octreotide scanning detect primary and metasatic disease for typical

atypical - FDG

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11
Q
A

Bronchopleural fistula

Post pneumonectomy
contralateral tracheal shift
Reduction on height of fluid on sequential films.

Can confirm on Xenon gas nuclear med

Normal appearances -
air fluid level at day4/5, by 14 days 100% fluid filled
ipsilateral tracheal shift
Diaphragm elevation

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12
Q
A

Round pneumonia

Young children
Pneumoccous, strep
Spherical area posterior lower lobes

With antibiotic and resolution of symptoms it doesnt need followed up

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13
Q
A

Fibrous Tumor of the Pleura (pleural fibroma)

Peripheral soft tissue nodule/mass, abuts pleura, obtuse angle

Often beningn

Less likely to malignant transform to sarcoma

Fibrous = low on T1 and T2

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14
Q

Egg shell calcifications nodes ?

A

Silicosis
Coal workers pneumoconiosis
Sarcoidosis
Treated lymphoma

Mediastinal lymph node calcification
Tuberculosis
Histoplasmosis
Amyloidosis (rare)
Metastases: papillary/medullary thyroid cancer, osteosarcoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma

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15
Q
A

Centrilobular
-smoking, apical/upper lobes segments

Panacinar
- Alpha1-antitrpysin , lower lobes/bases

Paraspetal
- Subpleural, bullous formation, spontaneous PTx

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16
Q
A

Congenital lobar overinflation

Neonate
hyperlucent LUL,-
mass effect on mediastinum and contralateral mediastinal shift

Bronchus unable to remain open in expiration, leading to air trapping

No discrete cyst or feeding vessels

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17
Q
A

UIP

CXR
Reticular or reticulonodular opacities
Subpleural/peripheral; mid and lower lung zones

Macrocystic Honeycombing (strongest predictor)
Basilar predominant
Traction bronchiectasis
Subpleural reticulations

smoking association

Causes
- connective tissue disease such as RA
- asbestosis
- Drugs (amidorane, nitrofurantoin, methotrexate)
- IPF (diagnosis of exclusion)

18
Q
A

NSIP

lower lung zone predominant
CXR
bilateral, reticular opacities

CT
Absent (less) / microcystic honeycombing
Bilateral ground-glass &/or reticular opacities
Traction bronchiectasis/bronchiolectasis
Relative Subpleural sparing
peribronchovascular fibrosis

Most hunt for assocation/cause on CT
?dilated oesophagus - scleroderma
? joint disease - RA
?portcath/PICC - chemotherapy
sjorgens
HIV

19
Q
A

DIP

Smoker
Bilateral, lower zone predominant ground-glass opacities

± subpleural **intralobular lines/retiuclations **

Small, round,** thin-walled** (2-4 mm in diameter)

Spectrum/similar HRCT to RB-ILD
+ centrilobular nodules
+ upper lobe predominated

20
Q
A

Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia - LIP

Basilar predominace
Thin walled cysts
GGO
Centilobualr micronodules

GGO clears with treatment

Associated with Sjogren’s
+ PCP, Hep B, EV
+ AIDs

21
Q
A

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)

Diffuse no lobe predominant Thin walled cysts

Spontaneous PTX

Premenopausal women
NORMAL lung volumes
Chylous pleural effusions
increased lung volumes

Associated with tuberous sclerosis - 1/3rd have AMLs

22
Q
A

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH)

Predominant upper lobes
bizarre-shaped thick pulmonary cysts
Smokers
Early stages of disease, 1-10mm nodules in mid/upper zone predominant

M:F =

Effusions are rare
Sparing costophrenic angles

23
Q
A

Birt-hogg-dube

Bilateral basilar predominant lentiform cysts abutting pleura, septa, and pulmonary vessels

Liver and skin lesions

Bilateral Renal oncocytomas
+ **chromophobe RCC

24
Q
A

COP

Reverse halo sign

Associated with
-CF
-Methotrexate
- post-transplant
- connective tissue

25
Q
A

Sarcoidosis

-Bilateral hilar and right paratracheal lymphadenopathy (95% of cases)
-Perilymphatic nodules
-Mid and upper zones is classic
- End stage = fibrosis and traction bronchiectasis

Side notes
Garland triad = 1,2,3 sign = lymph nodes both hilum and right paratracheal

Lofgren’s syndrome is an acute form of sarcoidosis characterised by erythema nodosum, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and polyarthralgia.

stage 1: bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
stage 2: bihilar lymphadenopathy and reticulonodular infiltrates of parts or the entire lung
stage 3: bilateral pulmonary infiltrates without signs of hilar lymphadenopathy
stage 4: fibrotic degeneration of the lung (possibly with upward hilar traction, cystic and/or bullous destruction of the lung)

26
Q
A

Acute eosinophilic pneumonia

-Ground-glass opacities (100%)
-crazy-paving pattern (septal thickening)
-mosaic attenuation; may mimic pulmonary edema

Asthma

Reverse pulmonary oedema pattern (peripheral)

acute type I hypersensitivity reaction triggered by variable causes (inhalational exposure, drugs, infections)

Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP): Peripheral homogeneous consolidations (100%)

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA): Central upper lobe bronchiectasis ± high-attenuation mucous plugs (30%)

27
Q

Upper lobe predominant - BREASTS?

A

Berylliosis
Radiation / RB-ILD
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and Eosionphilic granuluma (LCH)
Ankylosing spondylitis/ ABPA
Sarcoidosis
TB
Silicosis

Nb ++
all pneumoconiosis
Caplans syndrome
Centrilobular emphysema
CF

28
Q

Lower lobe predominant - BADAS

A

Bronchiectasis
Asbestosis
DIP/Drugs
Aspiration
Scleroderma (+ RA !!!)

+ Panlobular emphysema (alpha 1)
+ RA (Caplans upper lobes and less common)
+ UIP and NSIP

29
Q
A

EAA/hypersensitivity pneumontits

Acute/Nonfibrotic:
Centrilobular ground-glass nodules and air-trapping
Mosiac attenutation

Chronic:
Dyspnoea, clubbing etc
Fibrotic: Upper lobe peribronchovascular fibrosis

30
Q
A

Crazy paving sign and ground glass opacities

DDx
Pulmonoary oedema (?cardiomegaly, pleural effusion)
ARDS (?anteriorposterior gradient)
Alveolar haemmorhage
PCP (?cysts)
Adenocarcinoma

31
Q
A

Primary
-Hallmark is lymphadenopathy
-Homogenous consooldiation
-compressive atelectasis from compression of adjacent lymph nodes
-pleural effusions (30%)

Tree-in-bud opacities are the most common sign of active tuberculosis on CT.

Post-primary
-Cavitating nodule
-tuberculomas

32
Q

Mosaic attenuation causes?

A

Higher attenuation pathological ie Parenchymal disease ie (GGO)
- sarcoidosis, UIP, COP, DIP
- No air trapping.
=Vessels in the whiter areas = dilated

Lower attenuation pathological
**- look for vessels constricted/paucity in lucent areas **

  1. Poor ventilation =
    ***Air-trapping
    - Exacerbated by expiratory phase
    - Bronchitis , bronchiectasis, asthma, emphysema, Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
  2. Mosaic perfusion
    - as above but no air trapping
    - CTEPH, pulmonary hypertension
33
Q
A

Anterior mediastinal mass

mediastinal mass that makes obtuse angles with the mediastinal contour. The hilar vessels can be seen through the mass - (hilum overlay sign) and means this is not in the middle mediastinum. The paravertebral line can also be seen, placing this mass in the anterior mediastinum.

Thymoma
Teratoma/GCT
Terrible lymphoma
Thyroid

Germ cell tumours can be fruther subdivded
-Teratoma (usually cystic with fat and calcification)
-seminoma (bulky and lobulated)
-Non-seminomatous Germ Cell Tumour (haemorrhage and necrosis)

34
Q
A
  1. SCC
    - Smoker
    - Lower 2/3rd trachea
    - ulcerated mass or nodule that projects into tracheal lumen
    - infiltration mediastinal structures, Frequent regional metastatic lymphadenopathy
  2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma
    - non-smoker
    - proximal 1/3rd
    - growth along submucosal and perineural structures

Consider Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) in young patient with endoluminal lesion in segmental airway - lobar or segmental bronchi

35
Q
A

RB-ILD

Centrilobular nodules
GGO
mosiac attenutation

SImilar to EAA

Upper/mid zones
**Smoking **
No bronchiectasis or honeycombing

36
Q

Middle mediastinal masses?

A

DDX
Lymphadenopathy
Foregut duplication cyst
Haitus hernia

37
Q

Tracheal stenosis?

A

Wegners
Tracheal wall thickening Circumferential (involvement of posterior membranous trachea)

Relapsing polychondritis
Wall thickening ± calcification that spares posterior membranous wall
Autoimmune disease - polyarthiris, uveitis, vestibulitis

Tracheobronchomalacia
Weakness of central airway walls
At least 70% tracheal collapse on expiratory CT

saber-sheath trachea
narrowing of its coronal diameter and widening of its sagittal diameter
snokers/COPD

Tracheobronchomegaly
a.k.a. Mounier-Kuhn syndrome
Marked dilatation of trachea and mainstem bronchi

38
Q

DDx Causes for interlobular septal thikening?

A

LISA

Lymphangitis carcinomatosis (nodular or smooth) - beaded appearance
Interstitial oedema (smooth)
Sarcoidosis (nodular)
Alveolar proteinosis (smooth)

39
Q

bronchiectasis by location

A

Bronchiectasis with Upper or Mid-Lung Predominance
* Cystic fibrosis
* ABPA
* Sarcoidosis
* TB

Bronchiectasis with Anterior Predominance
* Atypical mycobacterial infection
* ARDS

Bronchiectasis with Lower Lung Predominance
* Pulmonary fibrosis
* Chronic aspiration
* Kartagener’s syndrome
* Common variable immunodeficiency
* α1-Antitrypsin deficiency

Bronchiectasis with Central Predominance
* Mounier–Kuhn syndrome - Tracheal dilatation

Williams–Campbell syndrome
-subsegemental bronchiectasis, central normal

40
Q
A

Solitary pulmonary nodule

**Granuloma **
- benign patterns of calcification (central, diffuse, popcorn, or laminated).
- Calcified hilar and lymph nodes

Neoplasm
- primary lung cancer and metastatic disease
may present as a solitary pulmonary nodule or mass (>3 cm)
- Irregular borders or suspicious calcifications (speckled, eccentric)
- Adenocarcinoma - Solid, Part or GG. Peripheral
- Squamous, proclivity to cavitate
- Small cell, typically perhilar and lymphadenopathy

Hamartoma
- Comonest benigin aetiology. classic < 4cm , well defined and focal macroscopic fat and popcorn calcifcation

Other Differerntials
- Round pneumonia - paeds, < 8
- AVM - 90% associated with HHT, look for feeding vessels

41
Q
A

Multiple pulmonary nodules

Metastatic
- randomly distributed with a lower lobe predominance, various sizes

Tuberculosis or fungal granulomatous disease

Septic emboli
- Well defiend and peripheral. ‘Vessel Feeding’ sign, not specific

Ohers
- Granulomatosis with polyangitis (GPA) - May cavitate, thick walls with air fluid levels.
- Rheumatoid - dissapear after treatment.

42
Q
A

Cavitary pulmonary nodule/mass

  1. TB
    - Typically reactivation phase. Multiple cavitations reflecting the increased inflammation and necrosis
    - Predominantly in the upper lobes (lymphatic clearance lower in lower lobes.)
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma (Primary or metastatic)
    - typically located centrally with involvement of hilar or medistinal lymph nodes.
  3. Pyogenic infection (pulmonary abscess, septic emboli)

Fungal disease - Histoplasmosis