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Anatomy Summer 2023 > Thoracic > Flashcards

Thoracic Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of a true rib

A

1-7,
Attach directly to the sternum,
Own cartilage connects to the sternum

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2
Q

Characteristics of a false rib

A

8-10,
Indirect sternal attachment,
Cartilage connects to the cartilage of the rib above

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3
Q

Characteristics of a floating rib

A

11-12,
No sternal attachment

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4
Q

Characteristics of a typical rib

A

3-9,
Has a head, neck, tubercle, and body

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5
Q

Characteristics of an atypical rib

A

1, 2, 10-12;
Has additional factors that make the rib atypical

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6
Q

Characteristics of 1st rib

A

Shortest and broadest,
Only attaches to T1,
has grooves for subclavian artery and vein

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7
Q

Characteristics of 2nd rib

A

Longer than first,
has tuberosity for attachment of serratus anterior

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8
Q

Characteristics of 11th and 12th ribs

A

short,
have no neck or tubercle,
Head only for 1 attachment

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9
Q

3 spaces of the thoracic cavity

A

Mediastinum, right and left pulmonary cavities

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10
Q

What is located in the mediastinum cavity?

A

Thoracic viscera besides lungs,
(Heart and major vessels and tubes)

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11
Q

What is located in the right and left pulmonary cavities

A

The right and left lungs

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12
Q

What is the function of the thoracic cage?

A

Provide protection;
Resist negative pressure from inspiration; provide attachment for upper limb muscles; attachment for muscles of neck, abdomen, back, and respiration

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13
Q

What are intercostal spaces?

A

Separate ribs from each other;
11 spaces and 11 intercostal nerves;
(+ subcostal nerve)

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14
Q

How are intercostal spaces named?

A

Named by the rib superior to them

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15
Q

What lives in intercostal spaces?

A

Intercostal muscles, membranes, blood vessels, and nerves

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16
Q

Which ribs are true ribs?

A

1-7

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17
Q

Which ribs are false ribs?

A

8-10

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18
Q

Which ribs are floating?

A

11 and 12

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19
Q

What are the normal features of a vertebrae?

A

Body,
2 pedicles,
2 lamina,
vertebral arch,
2 Transvers process,
Spinous process,
Superior/inferior facets,
Zygapophysial joint

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20
Q

What are the unique features of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Bilateral costal facets
-superior and inferior

Costal facets on transverse process

Long slanting spinous processes

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21
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid

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22
Q

What structure is the xiphisternal point a marker for?

A

Marks inferior limit of central part of thoracic cavity

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23
Q

What structures is the infrasternal angle a marker for?

A

Marks midline for superior limit of the liver

central tendon of the Diaphragm

Inferior boarder of the heart

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24
Q

What are the contents of the Superior Thoracic Aperture?

A

Trachea

Esophagus

Nerves and vessels supplying and draining head, neck, and upper limbs

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25
What is contained in the Inferior Thoracic Aperture?
Diaphragm - separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
26
Intervertebral Joint T1-T12
Articulation: adjacent vertebral bodies bound by intervertebral disc
27
Costovertebral
Joints of heads of ribs - number of rib is determined by vertebrae inferior to it A: Head of each rib w/ superior demi- or costal facet of vertebral body of same number rib and inferior demi- or costal facet of vertebral body superior to it and intervertebral disc b/w them C: Heads of 1st, 11th, and 12th ribs (sometimes 10th) articulate ONLY w/ vertebral body of same number rib
28
Costochondral
Sternal end of rib attaching to cartilage coming from sternum A: Lateral end of costal cartilage w/ sternal end of rib (Rib and Transverse Process) C: No movement normally occurs here
29
Interchondral
Cartilage that attaches the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs together A: b/w costal cartilages of 6th & 7th, 7th & 8th, and 8th & 9th ribs C: articulation b/w costal cartilages of 9th & 10th ribs is fibrous
30
Sternocostal (1st)
Attachment of first rib to the manubrium of the sternum A: articulation of 1st costal cartilages w/ manubrium of sternum
31
Sternocostal (2nd - 7th)
Attachment of the 2nd-7th ribs to the body of the sternum A: 2nd - 7th pairs of costal cartilages w/ sternum C: Articular cavities usually absent, fibrocartilage covers articular surfaces
32
Sternoclavicular
Clavicle attachment at the manubrium of the sternum A: Sternal end of clavicle w/ manubrium and 1st costal cartilage C: joint is divided into 2 compartments by articular disc
33
Manubriosternal
Joint between the manubrium and body of the sternum A: b/w manubrium and body of sternum
34
Xiphisternal
Joint between body of the sternum and xiphoid process A: b/w xiphoid process and body of sternum
35
What do the manubriosternal and xiphisternal joints do in older individuals?
Fuse together and become synostoses
36
Which ribs move in a "pump handle" fashion?
Ribs 1-6
37
What movement do the inferior ends move in and around what axis do "pump handle" ribs move around?
Anterior and posterior type movement and around a transverse axis
38
What ribs move in a "bucket handle" fashion?
Ribs 7-10
39
What kind of movement do the ribs of the "bucket handle" engage in?
Lateral movements that are more so up and out
40
What do the "pump handle" and "bucket handle" movements help with in the thoracic cage?
They increase diameter and volume of the thoracic cavity
41
What are axio-appendicular muscles?
They attach to or cover the thoracic cage Also move the upper limb BUT can also move bones in thoracic cage
42
What are the main muscles of the thoracic cavity?
Serratus Posterior Superior Serratus Posterior Inferior Levator Costarum
43
What are the major muscles for inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
44
Innervation of the Diaphragm
Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5) Sensory to Peripheral parts - Intercostal nerves 6-11
45
Openings in Diaphragm
Opening for Vena Cava Aortic Hiatus Esophageal hiatus
46
Functions/ movements for Diaphragm
Contracts (descends) during inspiration
47
Which dome is higher on the Diaphragm?
Right Due to liver directly inferior and heart presence on left side of thoracic cavity
48
What is innervated by the Anterior rami of the 12 pairs of thoracic nerves?
Usually muscles under dermatomes anteriorly T1 - T11: Intercostal Nerves T12: Subcostal nerve
49
What is innervated by the Posterior rami of the 12 pairs of thoracic nerves?
Joints Deep back muscles (myotomes) Skin of the back
50
Dermatome landmarks of the thoracic region (Anterior & Posterior)
Posterior - lines up with corresponding vertebrae Anterior - Runs inferiorly Common spots anteriorly: T2 - Subclavicular region T5 - Nipple region T10 - Umbilical region
51
What are the atypical intercostal nerves
T1 & T2 (sometimes T3)
52
Why is T1 an atypical intercostal nerve?
Splits into superior and inferior parts Superior: joins brachial plexus Interior: becomes first intercostal nerve
53
Why is T2 (& sometimes T3) an atypical intercostal nerve?
T2 is considered the Intercostobrachial Nerve - supplies skin and cutaneous tissue of axilla floor T3 sometimes gives rise to a second intercostobrachial nerve
54
Where does the vasculature to the thoracic cage come from?
Thoracic aorta Subclavian artery Axillary artery
55
What is the difference between Mammary glands and Mamillary bodies?
Mammary glands: milk producing glands of the breasts in women Mamillary bodies: pair of round, small bodies located on the undersurface of the brain in diencephalon
56
Flow of lymph from the breast to venous circulation?
Nipples/Areola/Lobules -> subareolar lymphatic plexus -> 1) 75% to axillary lymph nodes, 2) 25% to parasternal lymph nodes, 3) abdominal nodes -> 1) -> clavicular lymph nodes -> subclavian lymphatic trunk 2) -> Bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk ALL lead either to -> Jugular lymphatic trunk or Right/Left venous angles to R/L Brachiocephalic veins *could also go to other breast
57
Important landmarks for palpation on thorax
Clavicles Sternum Jugular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Xiphoid process Costal Margins Ribs/intercostal spaces
58
Difference between "slipping rib" or "rib separation"?
Slipping rib: displacement of costal cartilage from sternum - (sternocostal joint or interchondral joints) Rib separation: Dislocation of costochondral junction b/w rib & its costal cartilage -usually ribs 3-10 and tears perichondrium and periosteum
59
Dsypnea
Difficulty breathing Leaning on knees usually helps to fix pectoral girdle and allow muscles to expand thorax by acting on rib attachments
60
Cause and Effect of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Cause: Neurovascular structures are compressed when passing through Superior Thoracic Aperture -usually involves structures outside of superior thoracic aperture like pec. minor & costoclavicular space Effect: Symptoms - pain, paresthesias (pins and needles) in upper arms
61
What happens to the paralyzed side of the diaphragm during breathing?
Inspiration: ascends due to pressure of abdominal viscera coming from other side of diaphragm Expiration: Descends due to positive pressure in lungs
62
How does Herpes Zoster happen?
(AKA Shingles) Viral disease of spinal ganglia usually occurs in 60yrs or older individual
63
Why does Herpes Zoster appear in these locations?
Viral infection is present in the spinal ganglia that these dermatomes supply Become present on the skin as a result

Anatomy Summer 2023 (8 decks)

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