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Criminology Theory > Thoery Exam > Flashcards

Thoery Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is theory?

A

A set of statements or principles that try to explain some type of phenomenon; abstract reasoning or speculation; a belief that guides our action and assist our comprehension.

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2
Q

The categories of crim theory

A

Classical, biological, psychobiological, psychological, sociological, social process, conflict, emergent, and interdisciplinary theory.

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3
Q

How do you evaluate crim theory?

A

Logical consistency, scope, and parsimony

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4
Q

What is logical consistency?

A

Does the theory itself make sense

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5
Q

What is scope?

A

How much behavior are you explaining with your theory; what is your theory covering?

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6
Q

What is parsimony?

A

Keeping it simple, concise.

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7
Q

What does spuriousness mean?

A

False relationship

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8
Q

What are classical crim theories?

A

Rational choice theory, Deterrence theory, Routine activity theory, and Hedonistic calculus theory.

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9
Q

Who wrote deterrence theory?

A

Beccaria (1780s)

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10
Q

What is deterrence theory?

A

Human makes decisions to max pleasure and min pain, so they need punishment to decrease crime. Increase swiftness, certainty, and severity -> decrease crime. Poster child, most reflects classical crim.

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11
Q

Who wrote rational choice theory?

A

Cornish and Clarke

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12
Q

What is rational choice theory?

A

Extension of deterrence theory, human beings make decisions to max pleasure and min pain. Offenders believe their decisions are their best choice. Crime has purpose, intent, and is deliberate; benefits the offender. Puts you in the offenders shoes. Offenders do not always make the best decisions because they have a bounded and limited rationality, they think short term.

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13
Q

Who wrote routine activity theory?

A

Cohen and Felton (1979)

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14
Q

What is the elements that need to come together to have routine activity theory?

A

A motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of capable guardianship.

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15
Q

What is a motivated offender?

A

Someone who has the desire to commit a crime.

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16
Q

What is a suitable target

A

Examples are lightweight objects, expensive, accessible, easier to grab and go, etc

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17
Q

What is lack of guardianship?

A

The more guardianship one has the safer they are. Without guardianship you are an easy target.

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18
Q

What is routine activity theory?

A

The 3 elements come together (motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of capable guardianship). Motivated offenders and suitable targets are constants. If you increase your guardianship, you decrease your chances of victimization. The offender makes a choice of who to victimize.

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19
Q

What are the two types of guardianship in routine activity theory?

A

Individual guardianship and collective guardianship.

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20
Q

What is individual guardianship?

A

Things you yourself can do to protect yourself and make yourself a harder target. Example is open carry.

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21
Q

What is collective guardianship?

A

Protect society as a whole. Things we do as a nation, state, or neighborhood to increase guardianship. Example is neighborhood watch.

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22
Q

Who wrote Hedonistic calculus theory?

A

Bentham

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23
Q

What is Hedonistic calculus theory?

A

Exercise of free will helps prevent crime as long as crimes are punished swiftly, certainly, and with severity. Punishment must fit the crime.

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24
Q

Who wrote Anomie/strain?

A

Durkheim and Merton

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25
Q

What is Durkheim’s strain theory?

A

Focused on the evolution of society and norms. As norms breakdown and change, people feel stressed out/strained and leads to suicide. Suicide and crime are at its highest when there are no norms.

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26
Q

What is Merton’s strain theory?

A

Strain isn’t about norms breaking down. We focus so much on social goals, since childhood which leads to strain. Emphasis on goals but don’t focus on the means to get there. Everybody feels this. The different ways people adapt to strain are conformity, innovation, retreatism, ritualism, and rebellion.

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27
Q

What is conformity?

A

Most people are conformers. This means that these people accept social goals and accept legit means to achieve those social goals.

28
Q

What is innovation?

A

Get rich quick schemes. Most often leads to crime but not all innovators are criminals. They accept social goals but reject legit means to achieve those goals.

29
Q

What is retreatism?

A

Don’t care to work, get education, dont care for norms. Examples are homeless people content with being homeless. They reject social goals and reject legit means to achieve those goals.

30
Q

What is ritualism?

A

Gave up on rich life but still work legally. Still hardworking. Examples are blue collar workers. They reject social norms but accept the legit means to achieve those goals.

31
Q

What is rebellion?

A

Replace social goals with warped social goals. Examples are cultists, serial killers, etc. They reject social norms and replace them. They reject means to achieve those goals and replace them.

32
Q

Who wrote social disorganization theory?

A

Sociologists at university of Chicago (1920s)

33
Q

What factors are involved in social disorganization theory?

A

Physical factors, economic factors, and population factors.

34
Q

What are physical factors?

A

Geographic location within the city, number of abandoned buildings, and incivilities (vandalism, destruction of property, etc).

35
Q

What are economic factors?

A

Socioeconomic status (SES), poverty rate, and unemployment rates.

36
Q

What is population composition?

A

Number of ethnicities in an area, number of minorities in an area, and number of single-parent homes.

37
Q

What is social disorganization theory?

A

Human behavior is a result of out environment. Better an area -> less social disorganization -> less crime. Residential mobility and concentric zones matter.

38
Q

What is residential mobility?

A

The rate that people move in and out of a given area, threatens the sense of community in an area, and more stability -> less social disorganization.

39
Q

What is concentric zones?

A

Zone 1 -> central business district
Zone 2 -> zone of transition
Zone 3 -> blue collar zone
Zone 4 -> middle class home zone
Zone 5 -> commuter zone
As you move inward (5->1), crime goes up
Any zone you are in and acquire wealth -> you move outward (ex: zone 2->3)

40
Q

What is zone 1?

A

It’s where all the work places are, inner city

41
Q

What is zone 2?

A

Poor people live, a lot of social disorganization, highest crime rate

42
Q

What is zone 3?

A

Where people rent houses and lives in duplex

43
Q

What is zone 4?

A

One family per house, probably own or buying house, technically the last zone in the city

44
Q

What is zone 5?

A

The suburbs

45
Q

Who wrote differential association theory?

A

Sutherland

46
Q

What is differential association theory?

A

Criminal behavior is learned from other people through a process of communication (verbal and nonverbal). The principle part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups. Learn techniques of committing the crime and learn the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes (learn how to deal with guilt).

47
Q

What is labeling theory?

A

There is formal and informal labels. The process of labeling causes secondary deviance. No such thing as a deviant act, its really society’s reaction to the act that makes it happen. Change label -> change behavior.

48
Q

What are formal labels?

A

Given from criminal justice system. Examples are felon, murderer, sex offender, etc

49
Q

What are informal labels?

A

Given by society. Examples are nerds, jocks, stoners, etc

50
Q

What is secondary deviance?

A

When you commit a crime because you were labeled that way

51
Q

What is primary deviance?

A

When you first commit the crime, then get labeled

52
Q

How to solve crime according to labeling theory?

A

Criminal justice system’s fault because they label offenders. Don’t label the offenders and they won’t commit the crime again.

53
Q

What are biological theories?

A

Phrenology, Atavism, Criminal families, and Somatotypes

54
Q

Who wrote phrenology theory?

A

Franz Joesph Gall

55
Q

What is phrenology theory?

A

The brain is the organ of the mind. The brain consists of localized faculties or functions. The shape of the skull reveals the underlying development (or lack of development) of areas within the brain. The personality can be revealed by a study of the skull.

56
Q

Who wrote atavism theory?

A

Cesare Lombroso

57
Q

What is atavism theory?

A

Criminals can be identified by facial features.

58
Q

Who wrote criminal families theory?

A

Dugale, and Goddard

59
Q

What is criminal family theory?

A

Criminals behavior, or deviance is genetic.

60
Q

Who wrote somatotypes theory?

A

Sheldon

61
Q

What is somatotypes theory about?

A

Says its because of physical constitution or bodily characteristics cause criminals. Mesomorphs with relative predominance of muscle, bone, and connective tissue. Endomorphs with a soft roundness throughout the various regions of thee body; short tampering limbs; small bones; and soft, smooth, velvety. Ectomorphs characterized by thinness, fragility, and delicacy of body.

62
Q

What are psychobiological theories?

A

Chromosome theory, biochemical factors and imbalances theory, and heredity and other physical factors theory

63
Q

Who wrote chromosome theory?

A

Jacobs

64
Q

What is chromosome theory?

A

Men with an extra Y chromosome are more likely to commit crime.

65
Q

What is biochemical factors and imbalance theory?

A

Behavior is determined by what you eat, eating habit, vitamin deficiencies, genetics, hormones, and other conditions that affect body tissues.

Criminology Theory (1 decks)

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