"This will be in the exam" [Incomplete] Flashcards
Give a reaction producing a nucleoside
Nucleotide + NaOH → Nucleoside
L-Fructose
Give the structure of Caffiene
Note the Purine Ring
What occurs when alcohol is placed in water?
The alcohol dissociates, giving H+ ions
Forms a weak acid
Give the general formula of the alkynes
CnH2n-2
Agar is…
A Gelling Agent
Aniline is a…
Weak Base
Pyridine
Aniline
- What is shown?
- What is in the Red box?
- Gellan Gum
- Glyceric acid ester
Phytol is found on…
Chlorophyll a
Benzpyrene
Sodium Alginate is…
A Gelling Agent
Benzyl alcohol
4-Hydroxynonenal / 4-HNE is…
A Contaminant
Sulphites are…
Preservatives
Terpenes are derived from…
Isoprene
Benzophenone
What are the three conditions for aromaticity?
Molecule should be Planar
Number of delocalised electrons = 4n + 2 (Huckel Rule)
Each carbon has an unhybridised P2 atomic orbital
Carrageenans are…
Gelling Agents
Gum Arabic is…
A Gelling Agent
Give the general formula of the alkenes
CnH2n
Which Azo dye is toxic?
Orange GNN
Give the N-nitroso compound reaction
Secondary Amine + HNO2
The D and L descriptors of enantomers do not specify…
…the sign (+ or -) of the optical rotation
Trichothecenes are…
Mycotoxins
Give the Structure of an antioxidant
Ethoxyquin
Perchlorate / ClO4- is…
A Contaminant
ROS stands for…
Reactive Oxygen Species
Isopropylamine
What are antioxidants used for?
Preserving food by reducing the reaction with oxygen or light
What process is shown?
Saponification
What is saponification?
Hydrolysis of Esters or Fats
Soap-making
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins are…
Contaminants
T-butyl alcohol
Sorbic Acid / 2,4-hexadienoic acid is…
A Preservative
Anthocyanins are…
Colours
Give the Structure of Purine
Acetone
(Oxo form)
Vitamin B6
CH4
Methane
What is multipoint attachment (MPA)
Total of 8 interaction sites between a sweetner and the sweetness receptor
Disodium Inosinate / IMP is…
A Flavour Enhancer
Alloxanthin
Note the triple bonds
Give a reaction showing the Reduction of Amides with LiAIH4
Nicotinamide
Lutein
Sulphur Dioxide is…
A Preservative and Antioxidant
Propanal
Phenylhydrazine
Name the functional group
Alkane
alkyl- / -ane
Trans Decaline
Propyl Gallate is…
An Antioxidant
Give the general formula of the cycloalkanes
CnH2n
L-Glutamic Acid is…
A flavour enhancer
Hexamethylenediamine
[Nylon]
C2H6
Ethane
Give a practical use of Ethylene Glycol
Gas Sterilisation
Ascorbic Acid is…
An Antioxidant
5 carbon chain prefix
Pent-
Where is (+)benzo[a]pyrene-7, 8-dihydrodiol-9, 10-epoxide found?
What does it do?
In tobacco smoke
Disrupts the double helix structure of DNA making it carcinogenic
Name the functional group
Alcohol
hydroxy- / -ol
Give the Reaction for Preperation of an aldehyde from a primary alcohol
Photooxidation and many ageing processes are due to the presence of…
Singlet Oxygen 1O2
Give the general formula of the alkanes
CnH2n+2
Glycerol and Fatty acids are linked by…
An Ester bond
Aspartame / APM is…
A Sweetner
Parabens are…
Preservatives
Give a general reaction showing the catalytic reduction of nitriles
1 carbon chain prefix
Meth-
Carbamate Insecticides / Carbaryl is a kind of…
Organophosphate Pesticide
Carminic Acid and Carmine are…
Colours
Ethyl Carbamate / EC is…
A Contaminant
C8H18
Octane
L - Glucose
Lycopene
Cadmium / Cd(II) is…
A Contaminant
C5H12
Pentane
C12H26
Dodecane
Disodium Guanylate / GMP is…
A Flavour Enhancer
Synthetic Polyphenols are…
Antioxidants
Bisphenol A / BPA is…
A Contaminant
Name the functional group
Aldehyde
formyl- / -al
Thiophene
C9H20
Nonane
Chlorophyllins are…
Colours
ROO• + ArO-H →
[Ar = Aromatic Ring]
ROO-H + ArO•
Xanthan Gum is…
A Gelling Agent
D-Fructose
Where do nucleobases and carbohydrates bond on a molecule?
Red Box indicates binding area
Butylated hydroxyanisole / BHA is…
An Antioxidant
Xanthophylls are…
Colours
Chelating Agents are…
Preservatives
Give the Structure of Imidazole
Give the structure of Acetaldehyde
A protein that allows sour foods to taste sweet, it also tastes sweet itself
Curculin
What is defined as a reducing sugar?
Any sugar that can act as a reducing agent due to a free Aldehyde or Ketone group
Propionic Acid is…
A Preservative
Gelatin is…
A Gelling Agent
What is the mass-fraction unit for parts per million?
mg/kg
Name the functional group
Tertiary Amine
amino- / -amine
Erythorbic Acid is…
An Antioxidant
Sodium Cyclamate is…
A Sweetner
Phenanthrene
Ethylamine
Sucralose is…
A Sweetner
Name the functional group
Amide
carboxamido- / -amide
Gellan Gum is…
A Gelling Agent
Anthracene
Ninhydrin-test
Used to detect proteins
What is the mass-fraction unit for parts per billion?
µg/kg
Chatechol
Superaspartame
Lecithin is…
A Gelling Agent
Vitamin D3
Give the Functional group fo Azo Dyes
Furan
Isoprene
Formula to calculate Specific Rotation
- α = Rotation*
- γ = Mass Conc.*
- l = Length of polarimeter tube*
Name the functional group
Benzene Derivitive
phenyl- / -benzene
L and D relative configuration refers to…
The optical activity of the isomer
Dimethyl dicarbonate / DMDC is…
A Preservative
Casein is…
A Gelling Agent
Indole Ring
Cis Decaline
Xylitol is…
A Sweetner
What is the characteristic reaction of the aromatics?
Electrophilic Substitution
Nucleic Acid is made from…
Nucleotides
Antioxidants are usually…
Reducing agents
Cholic Acid
Galacturonic acid can be converted with ammonia to produce…
Carboxylic acid amide
Toluene
Monosodium Glutamate / MSG is…
A Flavour Enhancer
Tefluthrin is a…
Pyrethroid
Give the Structure of Gonane
C30H62
Triacontane
Menthol
Name the functional group
Ether
n-Butylamine
Agar is derived from…
Agarose
Components of a Nucleotide
Phosphae
Sugar
Amine Base
Starch is…
A Gelling Agent
Acetone
(Enol form)
Benzoic Acid is…
A Preservative
Arsenic / As(III)/(V) is…
A Contaminant
Monosodium methyl arsenate
Give the structure of Glycerol
Give the reactants of the Tollens reaction
RCHO(aq) + 2Ag(NH3)2+ + 3OH-(aq)
RCHO = an aldehyde
Ziram is…
A Fungicide
Cadaverine
Mevalonic Acid →
[-CO2, -H2O]
Isoprene
Name the functional group
Ester
alkanoyloxy- / -alkyl alkanoate
Progesterone
All monosaccharides are…
Reducing Sugars
Naphthalene
Ethylenediametatraacetic Acid / EDTA is…
A Stabilising Agent
D-Glucose
Give the structure of (+)benzo[a]pyrene-7, 8-dihydrodiol-9, 10-epoxide
Give the Structure of Formaldehyde
Vitamin E
Lactones
Contain an ester group as part of a ring
Beta-Carotene
Give the structure of Urea
What kinds of disaccharides are there?
Reducing and Non-reducing
Give the Hemiacetal structure of Dehydroascorbic Acid
Benzyl Chloride
- What is shown?
- What is in the Red box?
- Xanthan Gum
- Pyruvic Acid Ketal
C6H14
Hexane
What is the mass-fraction unit for parts per hundred?
cg/g
Carmine contains a central…cation
Aluminium
C4H10
Butane
R• + ArO-H →
[Ar = Aromatic Ring]
R-H + ArO•
Perfluorooctanoic Acid is…
A Contaminant
What is shown?
Keto-enol Tautomerism
Give the Skeleton of Steroids
6, 6, 6, 5
Flavonoids are…
Colours
The notable product of the tollens-reaction is…
Free Silver
2Ag(s)
Vinclozolin is…
A Fungicide
9 carbon chain prefix
Non-
The chemical name for Serotonin
5-hydroxytryptamine
Chlorophylls are…
Colours
Racemic Mixture is…
Optically inactive due to the intermolecular compensation
Steviol Glycosides…
A Sweetner
Diphenylamine
L-rhamnose
Speed of Light (C) =
λ • ν
Guar Gum is…
A Gelling Agent
What is shown in the red boxes?
Carboxyl groups of galacturonic acid are esterified with methanol
Which are more stable - cis or trans isomers?
Trans
Acetophenone
Alginic acid/Algin/Alginate is…
A Gelling Agent
What is an enantomer?
Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable (non-identical) mirror images of each other
Riboflavin is…
A Colour
Betanin is…
A Colour
Sorbitol is…
A Sweetner
Energy of a Wave (E) =
h • ν = h • c / λ
Butylated hydroxotoluene / BHT is…
An Antioxidant
A glycoprotein that allows sour foods to taste sweet
Miraculin
Quinine is…
A Flavour Enhancer
T-butyl Chloride
Give the structure of a food colour
Flavone
Give two examples of Alkaloids
A: Pyridine
B: Piperidine
Name the functional group
Alkyne
alkynyl- / -yne
3 carbon chain prefix
Prop-
Give the Hofmann reaction
Agarose Molecule
Give 3 mycotoxins of current concern
Aflatoxins
Ochratoxin A
Fusarium
Tetraterpenes are…
Colours
Caramel is…
A colour
Give a Type A and a Type B Trichothecenes
Type A: T-2 toxin
Type B: deoxynivalenol
Vitamin A
What is the mass-fraction unit for parts per trillion?
ng/kg
Give the structure of Isoprene
DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is…
A Contaminant
Pesticide
10 carbon chain prefix
Dec-
Phenoxy
Also writen as ArO•
relatively less reactive than other antioxidants
6 carbon chain prefix
Hex-
Carotenoids are…
Colours
Anisole
Lugduname
What process is shown in the reaction?
Photooxidation of Lipids
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Cellulose is…
A Gelling Agent
2-phenylphenol / OPP is…
A Preservative
Anoxomer is…
A polymeric Antioxidant
Cis Decaline
Ethylene glycol
Octyl Gallate is…
An Antioxidant
Pectins are rich in…
D-galacturonic acid
Acetyle Chloride
Give a reaction of Nucleotide Formation
Antimicrobial Agents are used in food against…
Bacteria, Yeasts and Moulds
C7H16
Heptane
Bile Acid
C3H8
Propane
The product of an Acid Catalysed reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol is…
An ester
Amarogentin is…
A Flavour Enhancer
Give the Acyl Functional Group
Benzaldehyde
7 carbon chain prefix
Hept-
Nitrites and Nitrates are…
e.g Sodium Nitrite
Preservatives
Name the functional group
Primary Amine
amino- / -amine
Name the functional group
Ketone
-oyl- / oxo- / -one
Name the functional group
Secondary Amine
amino- / -amine
Thiomersal is…
A Contaminant
thought to cause autism
Ethoxyquin is…
An Antioxidant
Saccharin is…
A Sweetner
Give the structure of a Flavour Enhancer
Xylitol
2 carbon chain prefix
Eth-
Give the Structure of Cholesterol
Thiabendazole is…
A Preservative
Salicylaldehyde
What is an Epimer?
Diastereomets that differ in the configuration of one stereogenic center
C11H24
Undecane
Mixtures containing the enantomers with ratio of 1:1 are called…
Racemic Mixture
Resorcinol
Acesulfame Potassium / Acesulfame K is…
A Sweetner
4 carbon chain prefix
But-
Tocopherols are…
Antioxidants
Monellin is…
A Sweetner
Name the functional group
Cyanate
cyanato- / -alkyl cyanate
Name the functional group
Alkene
alkenyl- / -ene
Ascorbyl Sterate is…
An Antioxidant
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone / NHDC
A Sweetner
The S and R designators are used to indicate…
Absolute configuration
Borax is…
A Preservative
Thaumatin is…
A Sweetner
Pyrene
Give the reaction for the combustion of propane
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
Indicated in the red box is a…
Secondary Alcohol
sec-alcohol
Name the functional group
Carboxylic Acid
carboxy- / -oic acid
Hydroquinone
Write the reaction of T-butyl Chloride and NaOH
What kind of reaction is this?
Nucleophilic Substitution
Which receptors are Umami tasted with?
Glutamate Receptors
What is shown in the red box
A c-glycoside glycosidic bond
Carminic Acid Molecule
Indicated in the red box is a…
Tertiary Alcohol
ter-alcohol
Penicillnes (general formula)
Name the Functional Group
Sulfonic Acid
Curcumin is…
A Colour
Testosterone
Note double oxygen bond - Ketone
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids are…
Contaminants
Pesticides
Animals fats and vegetable fats are…
Triacylglyceros
Triglycerides
Ethyl Gallate is…
An Antioxidant
Fumonisin B1 is…
A Contaminant
Formed by Maize Moulds
Lead is…
A Contaminant
What is characteristic of alkenes?
Double bonding
C20H42
Icosane
Give the Structure of Glucose
Formula to calculate the Difference/Distance between two colours
ΔE = E2 - E1 = hc/λ
- λ = Wavelength*
- h = Planck’s*
- c = Speed of Light*
The R and S descriptors do not specify…
…the sign (+ or -) of the optical rotation
Xanthophylls are…
Colours
Name the general formula
Secondary Alcohol
8 carbon chain prefix
Oct-
Putrescine
Pectins are…
Gelling Agents
Biphenyl is…
A Preservative
Vitamin C / Ascorbic Acid
C10H22
Decane
Erythritol is…
A Sweetner
Chlorophyllin
Note the Copper Cation
Fish and shellfish accumulate…in their bodies
Mercury
methylmercury cation
Give the Structure of a preservative
Biphenyl
Locust bean gum is…
A Gelling Agent
Methamidophos is…
A Contaminant
Pesticide
Give the Structure of Paracetamol
tert-Butylhydroquinone / TBHQ is…
An Antioxidant
Give the Structure of a Gelling Agent
Dextrin
What causes the tetrahederal structure?
Sp3 Hybridisation
Give the “Oxidation Line”
Give four Oxidising agents
KMnO4 - Potassium Permanganate (Strong)
K2CrO4 - Potassium Cromate
K2Cr2O7 - Potassium Dichromate
H2O2 - Hydrogen Peroxide (Strong)
H2SO4 in a reaction usually means…
Water Elimination
Give the structure of a Nucleotide
Give the Iodoformprobe reaction
Give the reaction for ester formation
Give the Structure of D-Fructose
Give the structure of L-Fructose
Give the Structure of D-Glucose
Give an example of Radical Substitution
What is an example of Nucleophilic Substitution?
T-butyl Chloride + NaOH
Give an example of an elimination reaction
Give an example of Electrophilic Substitution
Give an example of a Redox reaction
Give an example of Nucleophilic Addition
Give an example of Electrophilic Addition
