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Physics 101 > This is the end my friend > Flashcards

This is the end my friend Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe:

Chromosomes of prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

DNA is circular and consisting of one chromosome in prokaryotes. Is linear in eukaryotes, the mass of chromosomes are the chromatin.

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2
Q

Explain:

How introns and exons are treated in polypeptide synthesis

A

Exons are coding DNA and introns are non-coding DNA. Introns are transcribed in transcription but are spliced out to form an mRNA molecule containing only exons.

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3
Q

Describe:

Codons and anticodons and the molecule they are attached to

A

Codons are groups of 3 nucleotides on an mRNA molecule which code for an amino acid through complementary binding with anticodons on tRNA which is a clover shape molecule with anticodon on middle clove.

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4
Q

Explain:

Types of proteins

A

Catalyst, hormone, antibodies, structural, transport, contraction, gene regulators

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5
Q

Describe:

How protein shape is important and how it is affected

A

Secondary structure is the coiling or folding of chain caused by H-bonding. This affects the tertiary structure which is the 3D shape in how it folds.

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6
Q

Describe:

What factors affect rate of enzyme reaction and how their function is affected.

A

Temperature, pH, presence of inhibitors affects the function

Concentration of reactants and enzyme affects the rate of reaction.

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7
Q

Describe:

How methylation can lead to cancer and its importance

A

Methyl group added to strand, C-base, which is important in gene expression. Blocking polymerase transcription, tumor suppression genes, DNA repair genes may be methylated and thus leading to uncontrolled production of cells or tumor.

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8
Q

Describe:

Factors that affect gene expression

A

Gender, Chemicals, Temperature, light (UV).

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9
Q

Describe;

Gene control

A

Transcription factors may bind to promoter regions on DNA, there are activators and repressors.

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10
Q

Describe:

How genes can be transferred out of and into species and probes

A

Genetic code is universal, Gene probes (single strand DNA/mRNA segment) are fluorescent. Restriction enzymes recognise shot nucleotide sequences and cuts backbone. DNA ligase joins two.
Than vectors are used to get cells into animals

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11
Q

Explain:

How CRISPR can edit/transfer genes

A

Cas 9 enzyme uses guide RNA to cut DNA at the complimentary location

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12
Q

Describe:

The manufacture of new proteins

A

Through plasmid bacterium edits, proteins can be manufactured and used for many things.

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13
Q

Explain:

The fluid mosaic model of cell membrane

A

Fluid as lipids and proteins my move sideways in membrane.
Mosaic as there is a variety of molecules in bilayer (cholesterol, integral, peripheral, glycoproteins/lipids, channel and pump proteins)

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14
Q

Describe:

What cell membrane is used for

A

Cell communication, Cell adhesion

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15
Q

Describe:

All of the organelles

A

Nucleus contains DNA; controls cell activity
Nucleolus of proteins/RNA; formation of ribosomes
Mitochondria 2 membranes inner matrix; site of aerobic respiration
Chloroplast 2 membranes internal grana; site of photosynthesis
Vacuole membrane sac; store food, transport stuff, support in plants
RER flat membrane sac w/ribosome; site of protein synthesis by ribosomes/transport
SERflat membrane sac; synthesis of lipids
Lysosome vesicle with lysosomes; breakdown debris
cytoskeleton ; assembly of spindle prior to mitotic division

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16
Q

Explain:

Differences in plant and animal cells

A

Plants have cellulose cell wall

Chloroplasts in plants

17
Q

Describe:

Photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ->(light/chlorophyll)-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

18
Q

Explain:

Anaerobic respiration

A 
Fermentation:
Plants; ethanol and carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Animals; lactic acid
C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3
19
Q

Describe:

Aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis in cytosol = 4 (-2) ATP
Krebs cycle in mitochondria = 2 ATP
Electron transport chain in mitochondria = 32 ATP

20
Q

Describe:

Binary fission

A

DNA replication, than 2 circular chromosomes, each attach to the inside of cell membrane, divides into 2 daughter cells.

21
Q

Describe:

Mitotic division/ mitosis

A

Prophase; After interphase (DNA replic), DNA condenses and chromosomes become visible
Metaphase; spindle fibers move chromosomes in line to equator
Anaphase; Centromeres separate, sister chromatids are drawn apart
Telophase; new nuclei form at opposite poles
Cytokinesis; cytoplasm divides

22
Q

Describe:

Miosis

A

Prophase1; After interphase (DNA replic), chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair up and cross over
Metaphase1; pairs of chromosomes move to equator
Anaphase1; Chromosome of each pair go to opposite poles randomly as independent assortment
Telophase1; spindle breaks down, two cells are formed through cytokinesis
Meiosis stage 2:
Same stuff occurs in two cells
Telophase2; nucleolus becomes visible, chromosomes decondense. 4 resultant haploid cells through cytokinesis

23
Q

Compare:

Products of mitotic and meiotic division

A

Mitotic division produces 2 identical cells from one.

Meiotic division produces 4 haploid cells from one diploid with variation.

24
Q

Describe:

Stages in cell cycle

A 
Interphase;
G0; no division
G1;growth 
G1 CP-> DNA is checked for damage
S;DNA repliication
G2; development/preperation for organelle division
G2 CP-> ensure replication was g
Mitosis
M CP-> during metaphase, ensures chromosomes are lined up
Cytokinesis
25
Q

Explain:

How hormones regulate cell division

A

Growth hormones can indicate the action of molecules by binding to complementary receptors.

26
Q

Describe:

Techniques for cell culture discussing applications.

A

Needs nutrients, suitable medium, optimum temp/pH/gas and growth factors.
Manufacture vaccines, research, manufacture hormones/enzymes, food production

27
Q

Describe:

Tolerance limits

A

Internal environment must be kept within tolerance limit, temp/water lvl/pH/sugar.

28
Q

Describe:

Endocrine system

A

Involved with hormones and messages

Pituitary, thyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal.

29
Q

Explain:

Stimulus response model

A

A variable in internal environment oscillates.

Stimulus, response, transmision, effector, response, feedback

30
Q

Describe:

Nervous system

A 
SNS= brain/spinal chord for processing info
PNS= for transmitting info; Somatic NS for voluntary control, Autonomic NS involuntary control = sympathetic NS(fight or flight) and parasympathetic NS (quiet state)
31
Q

Describe :

Structure and function of all neurons

A

Sensory; dendrites, axon in myelin sheath to dendrite with cell body on side.
Inter; cell body in dendrites then axon to dendrite
Motor; cell body in dendrites, then axon in myelin sheath, to dendrite

32
Q

Explain:

Specific hormones that you know

A

[Pituitary] ADH (formed in hypothalamus) = more reabsorption in kidney
[Pituitary] TSH = stimulates thyroid
[Thyroid] Thyroxine = metabolism heat production
[pancreas] Insulin = glucose take in and form glycogen in muscles/liver
[Pancreas] glucagon = glycogen into sugar in liver
[Hypothalamus] TRH = stimulates pituitary gland to release TSH

33
Q

Explain:

Control of body temp, sugar level, water level, CO2 level

A

Control of body temperature; Hypothalamus detects temp ->TRH -> pituitary TSH = metabolism increase/decrease = negative feedback
Control of blood sugar; cells in islets of langerhans in pancreas detect change -> insulin/glucagon secretion = negative feedback
Control of water levels; osmoreceptors in hypothalamus -> hormonal transmission = ADH -> kidneys=change in reabsorption of water = negative feedback
Control of CO2 levels; chemoreceptors in brain=nervous->intercostal muscles=increased breathing=negative feedback

34
Q

Explain;

How common ancestry can be found and techniques to do so.

A

Sequencing of common proteins
DNA-DNA hybridisation
DNA sequencing

35
Q

Describe:

Criteria to define a species

A

Morphological
Biochemical
Sharing of a gene pool

36
Q

Describe:

Post-zygotic mechanisms of preventing inter-species offspring

A

Temporal isolation
Behavioural isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gamete isolation

37
Q

Describe:

Post zygotic mechanisms of preventing inter-species offspring

A

Hybrid inviability

Hybrid sterility

Physics 101 (9 decks)

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