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this fleeting world study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

argrain description

A

rapid population growth, cities, states and empires, different world zones

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2
Q

modern description

A

global system, rapid growth, increasing rate of extinctions, increased life expectancies

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3
Q

prequel

A

: a work (such as a novel or a play) whose story precedes that of an earlier work.

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4
Q

fusion

A

the process or result of joining or merging things together to form a single entity

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5
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.

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6
Q

what do world historians do

A

they tell stories at different levels

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7
Q

why did christian write this book?

A

because it helps readers grasp the shape of world history by offering a concise history of humanity.

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8
Q

coherant

A

logical and consistent

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9
Q

globalization

A

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale

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10
Q

consensus

A

a general agreement

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11
Q

what did edwin hubble discover

A

he farther apart galaxies are from each other, the faster they move away from each othe

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12
Q

when did the universe appear

A

about 13.7 million years ago

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13
Q

describe the creation of the universe

A

when the universe appeared it was smaller than an atom, it was really hot, bursting with energy, and it expanded explosively.

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14
Q

what was the hadean era like on earth?

A

the earth was hot, it was bombarded with asteroids and its atmosphere contains no free organisms

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15
Q

when did organisms start to leave the oceans and explore land

A

about 7 million years ago

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16
Q

describe the hominid “lucy”

A

she belonged to the “australopita ecines”, and lived about 3 millions years ago in what is today ethopia.

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17
Q

foraging time period

A

250,000-8,000 BCE

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18
Q

foraging description

A

most of human history; small communities global migritions; megafournal extinctions, slow population growth.

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19
Q

agrarian

A

8,000 BCE - 1750 BCE

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20
Q

modern time period

A

1750 - present

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21
Q

homospapian

A

the primate species to which modern humans belong; humans regarded as a species

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22
Q

describe the life for hunter-gathers

A

they gather resources needed for food, shelter, and clothing, they do so without trying to transform their environment

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23
Q

300,000 BCE key event

A

modern humans beings appear in africa

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24
Q

250,000 BCE key event

A

humans appear in africa

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25
Q

200,000 BCE key event

A

humans begin spreading across africa

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26
Q

100,000 BCE key event

A

humans begin migrate out of africa to eurasia

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27
Q

30,000 BCE key event

A

name sophisticated tools such as the bow and arrow

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28
Q

13,000 BCE key event

A

humans arrive in the americas

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29
Q

10,000 BCE key event

A

the foraging era ends with the development of agriculture

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30
Q

what are the three types of evidence that historians use to study the foragers era

A

1) physical remains
2) studies of modern foraging communities
3) genetic studies

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31
Q

what is the difference between “multiregional model” and the “out-of-africa” hypothesis for the development of the human species

A

multiregional - the genetic variation between the contemporary human races is attributable to genetic inheritance from either Homo sapiens subspecies, or even other hominid species.
out-of-africa - model for the origin and dispersal of modern humans.

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32
Q

what are some of the characteristics of humans that differentiate them from other animal species

A

humans ability, to walk on 2 legs, use tools, ability to hunt systematically, and our development of exceptionally large brains

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33
Q

why was the development of human communities so significant

A

when humans created a common language they accumulated knowledge of previous generations, and, as this store of knowledge grows, later generations can use it to be adapt to their environment

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34
Q

describe early human communties

A

low productivity ensured the population densities low by the standard of later eras. this meant that small numbers of humans were scattered across a large village

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35
Q

describe gender relations in a foraging society

A

women probably took most responsibility for child care and may have also been responsible for gathering the food. whereas men specialized in hunting

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36
Q

what is marshal sahlins theory regarding the affluence of foragers

A

he argued, mainly on the basis of evidence from modern foragers, from his point of view we could view foragers as affulent

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37
Q

where did humans start migrating to, beginning about 100,000 years ago

A

southwestern asia

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38
Q

how did humans get to the americas

A

traveling either across the ice age bridge of beringia, which linked eastern siberia and alaska, or by sea around the coasts of beringia.

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39
Q

explain megafaunal extinctions

A

within the last fifty thousand years many species of large animal have been driven to extinction, particularly in regions or heavily colonized by humans

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40
Q

explain fire-stick farming

A

basically slash and burn ag.

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41
Q

how did the development of eel traps lead to permanent settlements in australia

A

in the state of victoria people built elaborate eel traps, some with canals up to 300 meters long. @ certain points people constructed nets. so many eels could be kept in these eel farms and settlements appeared near by. food source=human pop.

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42
Q

paleolithic era

A

ancient cultural stage, or level, of human development, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools.

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43
Q

carbon dating

A

the determination of the age of old material such as archaeological or palentoligical specializing by means of the content or carbon

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44
Q

symbolic language

A

a language that empolys symbolizes either extensively or exclusively

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45
Q

demographics

A

population growth

46
Q

sedentary

A

net migratory

47
Q

what was the agrarian era, when did it begin

A

began 10,000 to 11,000 years ago, defined as the era of human history when agriculture was the most important of the productive tech. and the foundations of human societies

48
Q

what were the four most important world zones at the beginning of the agrarian era

A

afro-eurasian landmass, the americas, australia, and the islands of the pacific

49
Q

explain the quote “humans did not domesticate just other species; they also domesticated themselves”

A

the quote talks about how humans adjusted their own lifestyle they differed radically in score and complexity

50
Q

according to the evidence today, where did agriculture begin? how long ago?

A

mesopotamia, about 8,000 BCE/10,000 years ago

51
Q

give some examples of different societies and the plants they domesticated in the early days of the agrarian era

A

in west africa, yam cultivation may have also began around 8,000 BCE. in china people probably cultivated rice in to grains in the north

52
Q

explain the impact of full-blown agriculture on the demographic of sedentary communities

A

modern studies of nomadic foragers suggested that they can systematically limit population growth through prolonged breast feeding and other practices, including infanticide.

53
Q

why did agriculture tend to spread throughout a region once it developed

A

because it was so desperately needed to survive meaning agriculture was the need to survive. also because of its convenience.

54
Q

explain the following general characteristics that developed in agricultural communities (village based societies)

A

all such peasant communities were affected by the annual rhythms of harvesting and saving. the demands of storage. the need to manage relations with outside communitites

55
Q

demographic dynamism

A

the increased productivity of farms ensured that populations grew even faster than they had during the era of foragers.

56
Q

accelerated technological innovation

A

local population pressure, expansion into near environments and increasing exchanges of ideas and goods encouraged many subtle imprints in agricultural techniques

57
Q

that was the “secondary products revolution”?

A

from about 4000 BCE a series of innovations allowed farms in afro-eurasia to make more efficeint use of the secondary products of large livestock - those products that could be exploited without slaughtering the animals

58
Q

explain malthusian cycles

A

as agriculture spread and become more productive it supported larger, denser, and more interconnected communities

59
Q

why did epidemic diseases have a bigger impact on agrarian communities as compared to foraging communities

A

foraging communities were largely free of epidemic diseases because they were small and mobile. but farming communities created more favorable environments for pathogens

60
Q

what did the devlopment of “stored surplues” lead to

A

allowed communities for the first time to support large #’s of non farmers. specialists such as priests, potters, builders, soilders, or artists form

61
Q

discuss the development of hierarchies, and specifically explain the beginnings of gender hierarchies

A

human societies became more layered as some groups began to specialize in the exploitation of the other men and women

62
Q

where were the THREE areas on the afro-eurasia landmass where the earliest city-states developed

A

the americas, austrialia zone, and pacific zone

63
Q

describe some of the characteristics of “agrarian civilizations” as they began to develop

A

as they spread, states carries with them a core set of institutres and practices associated with that are called the “argain civilization”. states were the large, coercive down states that were nessesary to administer and defend city-scale communities and they were supported economically by the large constructions of wealth found in city-states.

64
Q

what obstacles, (especially in cities), to population growth did early societies face?

A

the spread of diseases into regions may be tested for such collapse

65
Q

what were some of the large empires that developed between 200 BCE - 500 CE

A

the han dynasty, the roman empire, and the mayan empire

66
Q

what was the first world religion? what were the three word religions that spread throughout afro-eurasia

A

zarozstrianism, 1) buddism 2) christianity, 3) islam

67
Q

name some of the other empires/societies that developed outside of afro-eurasia.

A

eatihuaeaan in mexico, the mayan civilation, andes

68
Q

what significant change happened during the sixteenth century? discuss the impact of this event

A

the zeehenican and demographic collapse in the americas was catastrophic; the population of indiginous americans may have declined by about 40%. the next important change during this era is the unification of the world zones

69
Q

what impact did the mongols have on trade

A

the trade routes of the silk routes flourished during the late 13th and early 14th century, they created a huge save of peace

70
Q

why did the development of medium-sized states lead to the development of global networks of sea-borne trade

A

they had to seek alternative sources of revenue, including revenue from trade to survive the vicious warfare that became the norm in the region

71
Q

discuss the impact that the exchange of goods between the americas and afro-eurasia had on the world

A

cash crops as cacao , rubber trees, vanilla, and tobacco spurred further development of plantation agriculture and of global trade.

72
Q

agriculture

A

the art and scients of cultivating the soil, growing crops and rotating livestock

73
Q

imperial system (of governing)

A

the policy of excluding the rule of authority of an empire or forgien communities, or at aquiring colonies and developments

74
Q

demographics

A

population statistics

75
Q

world religion

A

a religious belif system which has become generally recignized of having independent states from any after religions

76
Q

black death

A

bacterial infection caused by the versinia pests species

77
Q

pathogens

A

a bacterial, virus, or other micro organism that can cause a disease

78
Q

compare the length time of each of the three periods in christian’s book

A

foragers-
lasted more than 200,000 years

argian-
lasted almost 10,000 years

modern-
lasted about 250 years and so on

79
Q

what is the defining feature of the modern era so far

A

whereas new ideas and technologies once took thousands of years to circle the globe. today people from different continents can communicate with just one tap

80
Q

how has population and population changed during the modern era

A

human populations have increased faster then ever before, during the modern era. productivity rose in part because new technology, were discharged and in introduced.

81
Q

how has beijing, china, instanbul and turkey grown since 1500

A

the increasing size of communities formed lifeways, whereas most ppl during the argain world were small farmers today most people support themselves by wage work in a huge variety of different occupations

82
Q

discuss how governments have changes that the modern era has brought about for women

A

new forms of contraception have given women and men have control over reproduction, and new technologies such as breast feeding, have allowed parents to serve more easily in the task of caring for infant. and to be able to join the work force

83
Q

what were some of the “accumulated changes” of the agrarian era that made the modern revolution possible

A

slow growth during several milleniala had led to increasing technological improvements in agriculture and water management. Rural-urban migration provided ample labor for factories and industries.

84
Q

explain some of adam smith’s economic beliefs

A

wealth is created through productive labor, and that self-interest motivates people to put their resources to the best use

85
Q

what impact did the “linking of world zones” have on the world?

A

a huge variety of new goods and ideas entered into global circulation

86
Q

why did western Europe emerge as the dominant region in the modern era?

A

at the same time, European states desperately needed new sources of revenue. they also dominated the world trade with Africa, the Americas, and Asia

87
Q

describe the innovations that occured in each of the three waves of industrialization (first wave)

A

the steam engine provided an efficient way of transportation. the energy wound up fossil fuel factories and started mass production

88
Q

describe the innovations that occured in each of the three waves of industrialization (second wave)

A

steam engine was on wheels to save time and cover more area and save money

89
Q

describe the innovations that occured in each of the three waves of industrialization (thrid wave)

A

indsustrial technologies spread to countries steel, chemicals, and electricity, were the most important new technologies during this wave.

90
Q

what happened the china’s share of world GDP as a result of the industrial revolution

A

chinas GDP fell from 33% to 9%, indias from 16% to 8%

91
Q

what were some of the cultural changes that occured during the indsutrial revolution

A

mass education brought light to history and brought ppl to feel a sense of identity to their country. all religions had to face the challenge by modern science. most did so by incarcerating some aspects of new scientific view

92
Q

what were some of the cultural changes that occured during the indsutrial revolution

A

mass education brought light to history and brought ppl to feel a sense of identity to their country. all religions had to face the challenge by modern science. most did so by incarcerating some aspects of new scientific view

93
Q

why was WW1 so bloody?

A

new weapons included, machine guns, tanks, ait plants, and chemical weapons such as mustard gas. these gave poeple on both sides more weapons to kill each other will compared to the past when we only had rifles and knifes

94
Q

what was the goal of the bolsheviks for russia

A

they were committed to the overthrow of world capitalism and its replacement by a society in which productive resources would be equally disruputed

95
Q

what did japan and germany do during the 1930s that led to WW1

A

they both attempted to create their own empires, japan and germany also invaded neighboring countries

96
Q

what replaced western europe as the world’s superpowers after WW1

A

the united states and soviet union each had its own allies and clients. and each saved a different path to modernity

97
Q

what were some of the innovations made during the 1914-1945 in science, art, and technology?

A

the theory of relativity creared by albert einstein, cinema was created, new tech such as mass culture, including by radio and newspapers. mass media also created mass culture

98
Q

describe the world’s economy in the period following WW2

A

rapid growth occured because a revival in international trade and the spread of mass consumerism stimulated economic growth in all the leading capitalist countries

99
Q

describe some developments in soviet russia during the cold war

A

these successes included the creation of soviet nuclear weapons and missles, the launching of the first space satellite

100
Q

how has economic growth throughout the world impacted the way people live

A

the capitalist and communist powers angered each other. for several decades, these rivalerlies threatened to ignite a third world war, fourth with nuclear weapons

101
Q

what is globalization

A

the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

102
Q

why has there been a “backlash” against the influence of the US and the west in the last 20 years

A

backlash as governments and citizens in segments of the world have tried, with varying degrees of succes, to defend traditional cultural and religious practices

103
Q

what is the environmental impact of the modern era?

A

the exact consequences of this human manipulation of the world are not yet clear, but they are likely to cause significant and perhaps rapid changes in global climatic patterns.

104
Q

nationalism

A

identification with ones own nation and supplies for its interests

105
Q

GDP

A

the monetary value of all finished goods and services within a country for a specific period

106
Q

industrial revolution

A

a rapid major change in a economy by the general intro of power driven machinery.

107
Q

protectionism

A

the theory or practice of shielding a countries domestic indigenous from foreign competition

108
Q

total war

A

a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory, or the objectives pursed

109
Q

facism

A

a political system headed by a dictator in which the government controls business and labor and opposition is not allowed

110
Q

socialsim

A

a politcal and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be created and regulated by the community

111
Q

mass consumerism

A

mass production and mass marketing system that imagiens an unwinding abundance of goods within a culture that emphasizes buying and selling

112
Q

laissez-faire

A

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering

ap world history (1 decks)

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