this fleeting world study guide Flashcards
1
Q
argrain description
A
rapid population growth, cities, states and empires, different world zones
2
Q
modern description
A
global system, rapid growth, increasing rate of extinctions, increased life expectancies
3
Q
prequel
A
: a work (such as a novel or a play) whose story precedes that of an earlier work.
4
Q
fusion
A
the process or result of joining or merging things together to form a single entity
5
Q
photosynthesis
A
the process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
6
Q
what do world historians do
A
they tell stories at different levels
7
Q
why did christian write this book?
A
because it helps readers grasp the shape of world history by offering a concise history of humanity.
8
Q
coherant
A
logical and consistent
9
Q
globalization
A
the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale
10
Q
consensus
A
a general agreement
11
Q
what did edwin hubble discover
A
he farther apart galaxies are from each other, the faster they move away from each othe
12
Q
when did the universe appear
A
about 13.7 million years ago
13
Q
describe the creation of the universe
A
when the universe appeared it was smaller than an atom, it was really hot, bursting with energy, and it expanded explosively.
14
Q
what was the hadean era like on earth?
A
the earth was hot, it was bombarded with asteroids and its atmosphere contains no free organisms
15
Q
when did organisms start to leave the oceans and explore land
A
about 7 million years ago
16
Q
describe the hominid “lucy”
A
she belonged to the “australopita ecines”, and lived about 3 millions years ago in what is today ethopia.
17
Q
foraging time period
A
250,000-8,000 BCE
18
Q
foraging description
A
most of human history; small communities global migritions; megafournal extinctions, slow population growth.
19
Q
agrarian
A
8,000 BCE - 1750 BCE
20
Q
modern time period
A
1750 - present
21
Q
homospapian
A
the primate species to which modern humans belong; humans regarded as a species
22
Q
describe the life for hunter-gathers
A
they gather resources needed for food, shelter, and clothing, they do so without trying to transform their environment
23
Q
300,000 BCE key event
A
modern humans beings appear in africa
24
Q
250,000 BCE key event
A
humans appear in africa
25
200,000 BCE key event
humans begin spreading across africa
26
100,000 BCE key event
humans begin migrate out of africa to eurasia
27
30,000 BCE key event
name sophisticated tools such as the bow and arrow
28
13,000 BCE key event
humans arrive in the americas
29
10,000 BCE key event
the foraging era ends with the development of agriculture
30
what are the three types of evidence that historians use to study the foragers era
1) physical remains
2) studies of modern foraging communities
3) genetic studies
31
what is the difference between "multiregional model" and the "out-of-africa" hypothesis for the development of the human species
multiregional - the genetic variation between the contemporary human races is attributable to genetic inheritance from either Homo sapiens subspecies, or even other hominid species.
out-of-africa - model for the origin and dispersal of modern humans.
32
what are some of the characteristics of humans that differentiate them from other animal species
humans ability, to walk on 2 legs, use tools, ability to hunt systematically, and our development of exceptionally large brains
33
why was the development of human communities so significant
when humans created a common language they accumulated knowledge of previous generations, and, as this store of knowledge grows, later generations can use it to be adapt to their environment
34
describe early human communties
low productivity ensured the population densities low by the standard of later eras. this meant that small numbers of humans were scattered across a large village
35
describe gender relations in a foraging society
women probably took most responsibility for child care and may have also been responsible for gathering the food. whereas men specialized in hunting
36
what is marshal sahlins theory regarding the affluence of foragers
he argued, mainly on the basis of evidence from modern foragers, from his point of view we could view foragers as affulent
37
where did humans start migrating to, beginning about 100,000 years ago
southwestern asia
38
how did humans get to the americas
traveling either across the ice age bridge of beringia, which linked eastern siberia and alaska, or by sea around the coasts of beringia.
39
explain megafaunal extinctions
within the last fifty thousand years many species of large animal have been driven to extinction, particularly in regions or heavily colonized by humans
40
explain fire-stick farming
basically slash and burn ag.
41
how did the development of eel traps lead to permanent settlements in australia
in the state of victoria people built elaborate eel traps, some with canals up to 300 meters long. @ certain points people constructed nets. so many eels could be kept in these eel farms and settlements appeared near by. food source=human pop.
42
paleolithic era
ancient cultural stage, or level, of human development, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools.
43
carbon dating
the determination of the age of old material such as archaeological or palentoligical specializing by means of the content or carbon
44
symbolic language
a language that empolys symbolizes either extensively or exclusively
45
demographics
population growth
46
sedentary
net migratory
47
what was the agrarian era, when did it begin
began 10,000 to 11,000 years ago, defined as the era of human history when agriculture was the most important of the productive tech. and the foundations of human societies
48
what were the four most important world zones at the beginning of the agrarian era
afro-eurasian landmass, the americas, australia, and the islands of the pacific
49
explain the quote "humans did not domesticate just other species; they also domesticated themselves"
the quote talks about how humans adjusted their own lifestyle they differed radically in score and complexity
50
according to the evidence today, where did agriculture begin? how long ago?
mesopotamia, about 8,000 BCE/10,000 years ago
51
give some examples of different societies and the plants they domesticated in the early days of the agrarian era
in west africa, yam cultivation may have also began around 8,000 BCE. in china people probably cultivated rice in to grains in the north
52
explain the impact of full-blown agriculture on the demographic of sedentary communities
modern studies of nomadic foragers suggested that they can systematically limit population growth through prolonged breast feeding and other practices, including infanticide.
53
why did agriculture tend to spread throughout a region once it developed
because it was so desperately needed to survive meaning agriculture was the need to survive. also because of its convenience.
54
explain the following general characteristics that developed in agricultural communities (village based societies)
all such peasant communities were affected by the annual rhythms of harvesting and saving. the demands of storage. the need to manage relations with outside communitites
55
demographic dynamism
the increased productivity of farms ensured that populations grew even faster than they had during the era of foragers.
56
accelerated technological innovation
local population pressure, expansion into near environments and increasing exchanges of ideas and goods encouraged many subtle imprints in agricultural techniques
57
that was the "secondary products revolution"?
from about 4000 BCE a series of innovations allowed farms in afro-eurasia to make more efficeint use of the secondary products of large livestock - those products that could be exploited without slaughtering the animals
58
explain malthusian cycles
as agriculture spread and become more productive it supported larger, denser, and more interconnected communities
59
why did epidemic diseases have a bigger impact on agrarian communities as compared to foraging communities
foraging communities were largely free of epidemic diseases because they were small and mobile. but farming communities created more favorable environments for pathogens
60
what did the devlopment of "stored surplues" lead to
allowed communities for the first time to support large #'s of non farmers. specialists such as priests, potters, builders, soilders, or artists form
61
discuss the development of hierarchies, and specifically explain the beginnings of gender hierarchies
human societies became more layered as some groups began to specialize in the exploitation of the other men and women
62
where were the THREE areas on the afro-eurasia landmass where the earliest city-states developed
the americas, austrialia zone, and pacific zone
63
describe some of the characteristics of "agrarian civilizations" as they began to develop
as they spread, states carries with them a core set of institutres and practices associated with that are called the "argain civilization". states were the large, coercive down states that were nessesary to administer and defend city-scale communities and they were supported economically by the large constructions of wealth found in city-states.
64
what obstacles, (especially in cities), to population growth did early societies face?
the spread of diseases into regions may be tested for such collapse
65
what were some of the large empires that developed between 200 BCE - 500 CE
the han dynasty, the roman empire, and the mayan empire
66
what was the first world religion? what were the three word religions that spread throughout afro-eurasia
zarozstrianism, 1) buddism 2) christianity, 3) islam
67
name some of the other empires/societies that developed outside of afro-eurasia.
eatihuaeaan in mexico, the mayan civilation, andes
68
what significant change happened during the sixteenth century? discuss the impact of this event
the zeehenican and demographic collapse in the americas was catastrophic; the population of indiginous americans may have declined by about 40%. the next important change during this era is the unification of the world zones
69
what impact did the mongols have on trade
the trade routes of the silk routes flourished during the late 13th and early 14th century, they created a huge save of peace
70
why did the development of medium-sized states lead to the development of global networks of sea-borne trade
they had to seek alternative sources of revenue, including revenue from trade to survive the vicious warfare that became the norm in the region
71
discuss the impact that the exchange of goods between the americas and afro-eurasia had on the world
cash crops as cacao , rubber trees, vanilla, and tobacco spurred further development of plantation agriculture and of global trade.
72
agriculture
the art and scients of cultivating the soil, growing crops and rotating livestock
73
imperial system (of governing)
the policy of excluding the rule of authority of an empire or forgien communities, or at aquiring colonies and developments
74
demographics
population statistics
75
world religion
a religious belif system which has become generally recignized of having independent states from any after religions
76
black death
bacterial infection caused by the versinia pests species
77
pathogens
a bacterial, virus, or other micro organism that can cause a disease
78
compare the length time of each of the three periods in christian's book
foragers-
lasted more than 200,000 years
argian-
lasted almost 10,000 years
modern-
lasted about 250 years and so on
79
what is the defining feature of the modern era so far
whereas new ideas and technologies once took thousands of years to circle the globe. today people from different continents can communicate with just one tap
80
how has population and population changed during the modern era
human populations have increased faster then ever before, during the modern era. productivity rose in part because new technology, were discharged and in introduced.
81
how has beijing, china, instanbul and turkey grown since 1500
the increasing size of communities formed lifeways, whereas most ppl during the argain world were small farmers today most people support themselves by wage work in a huge variety of different occupations
82
discuss how governments have changes that the modern era has brought about for women
new forms of contraception have given women and men have control over reproduction, and new technologies such as breast feeding, have allowed parents to serve more easily in the task of caring for infant. and to be able to join the work force
83
what were some of the "accumulated changes" of the agrarian era that made the modern revolution possible
slow growth during several milleniala had led to increasing technological improvements in agriculture and water management. Rural-urban migration provided ample labor for factories and industries.
84
explain some of adam smith's economic beliefs
wealth is created through productive labor, and that self-interest motivates people to put their resources to the best use
85
what impact did the "linking of world zones" have on the world?
a huge variety of new goods and ideas entered into global circulation
86
why did western Europe emerge as the dominant region in the modern era?
at the same time, European states desperately needed new sources of revenue. they also dominated the world trade with Africa, the Americas, and Asia
87
describe the innovations that occured in each of the three waves of industrialization (first wave)
the steam engine provided an efficient way of transportation. the energy wound up fossil fuel factories and started mass production
88
describe the innovations that occured in each of the three waves of industrialization (second wave)
steam engine was on wheels to save time and cover more area and save money
89
describe the innovations that occured in each of the three waves of industrialization (thrid wave)
indsustrial technologies spread to countries steel, chemicals, and electricity, were the most important new technologies during this wave.
90
what happened the china's share of world GDP as a result of the industrial revolution
chinas GDP fell from 33% to 9%, indias from 16% to 8%
91
what were some of the cultural changes that occured during the indsutrial revolution
mass education brought light to history and brought ppl to feel a sense of identity to their country. all religions had to face the challenge by modern science. most did so by incarcerating some aspects of new scientific view
92
what were some of the cultural changes that occured during the indsutrial revolution
mass education brought light to history and brought ppl to feel a sense of identity to their country. all religions had to face the challenge by modern science. most did so by incarcerating some aspects of new scientific view
93
why was WW1 so bloody?
new weapons included, machine guns, tanks, ait plants, and chemical weapons such as mustard gas. these gave poeple on both sides more weapons to kill each other will compared to the past when we only had rifles and knifes
94
what was the goal of the bolsheviks for russia
they were committed to the overthrow of world capitalism and its replacement by a society in which productive resources would be equally disruputed
95
what did japan and germany do during the 1930s that led to WW1
they both attempted to create their own empires, japan and germany also invaded neighboring countries
96
what replaced western europe as the world's superpowers after WW1
the united states and soviet union each had its own allies and clients. and each saved a different path to modernity
97
what were some of the innovations made during the 1914-1945 in science, art, and technology?
the theory of relativity creared by albert einstein, cinema was created, new tech such as mass culture, including by radio and newspapers. mass media also created mass culture
98
describe the world's economy in the period following WW2
rapid growth occured because a revival in international trade and the spread of mass consumerism stimulated economic growth in all the leading capitalist countries
99
describe some developments in soviet russia during the cold war
these successes included the creation of soviet nuclear weapons and missles, the launching of the first space satellite
100
how has economic growth throughout the world impacted the way people live
the capitalist and communist powers angered each other. for several decades, these rivalerlies threatened to ignite a third world war, fourth with nuclear weapons
101
what is globalization
the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
102
why has there been a "backlash" against the influence of the US and the west in the last 20 years
backlash as governments and citizens in segments of the world have tried, with varying degrees of succes, to defend traditional cultural and religious practices
103
what is the environmental impact of the modern era?
the exact consequences of this human manipulation of the world are not yet clear, but they are likely to cause significant and perhaps rapid changes in global climatic patterns.
104
nationalism
identification with ones own nation and supplies for its interests
105
GDP
the monetary value of all finished goods and services within a country for a specific period
106
industrial revolution
a rapid major change in a economy by the general intro of power driven machinery.
107
protectionism
the theory or practice of shielding a countries domestic indigenous from foreign competition
108
total war
a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory, or the objectives pursed
109
facism
a political system headed by a dictator in which the government controls business and labor and opposition is not allowed
110
socialsim
a politcal and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be created and regulated by the community
111
mass consumerism
mass production and mass marketing system that imagiens an unwinding abundance of goods within a culture that emphasizes buying and selling
112
laissez-faire
a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering
