Third review Flashcards
Ore
A naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted.
Alloy
A mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by a metallic bonding character.
Permeability
The state or quality of a material or membrane that causes it to allow liquids or gases to pass through it.
Green Revolution
A large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.
Blue Revolution
The remarkable emergence of aquaculture as an important and highly productive agricultural activity. Aquaculture refers to all forms of active culturing of aquatic animals and plants, occurring in marine, brackish, or fresh waters.
Asthenosphere
The upper layer of the earth’s mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur.
Lithosphere
The solid, outer part of the Earth. The lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth’s structure. It is bounded by the atmosphere above and the asthenosphere (another part of the upper mantle) below.
CAFO
A concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) is an animal feeding operation (AFO) that (a) confines animals for more than 45 days during a growing season, (b) in an area that does not produce vegetation, and (c) meets certain size.
IPM
An ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties.
FIRFA
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, & Rodenticide Act This law was enacted in 1910. Federal regulation of pesticide distribution, sale, and use.
Subsurface Mining
The extraction of minerals and ores from underground. It consist of digging shafts into the earth for ore. One con would be that the mines make a lot of hazardous acid mine drainage.
Open Pit Mining
A surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow.
Salinization
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content. Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean.
Subduction
The sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth’s crust into the mantle beneath another plate.
Mineral
A naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and abiogenic in origin. A mineral has one specific chemical composition, whereas a rock can be an aggregate of different minerals or mineraloids.
Igneous Rock
One of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
Sedimentary Rock
Formed when sediment is deposited out of air, ice, wind, gravity, or water flows carrying the particles in suspension. This sediment is often formed when weathering and erosion break down a rock into loose material in a source area.
Metamorphic Rock
A result of a transformation of a pre-existing rock. The original rock is subjected to very high heat and pressure, which cause obvious physical and/or chemical changes.
Humus
The organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms.
Loam
Soil containing a small amount of organic material is considered ideal. The mineral in a loam soil ideally is about 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay by weight. The soil’s texture, especially its ability to retain nutrients and water are crucial.
Silt
Fine sand, clay, or other material carried by running water and deposited as a sediment, especially in a channel or harbor.
Monoculture
The cultivation of a single crop in a given area.
Madrid Protocol
The Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks (Madrid Protocol) is an international treaty that allows a trademark owner to seek registration in any of the countries that have joined the Madrid Protocol by filing a single application, called an “international application.
Porosity
A measure of the void (i.e. “empty”) spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0 and 100%.
Pyroclastic Flow
A dense, destructive mass of very hot ash, lava fragments, and gases ejected explosively from a volcano and typically flowing downslope at great speed.
