Third partial Flashcards
What does skin do?
Provides a layer of protection against pathogens, physical abrasions, and radiation
Which are the three skin layers?
-Epidermis -Dermis -Hypodermis
How does the skin help maintain homeostasis?
By maintaining a constant body temperature and making the body aware of external stimuli with the sense of touch
Which are the skin’s main functions?
-Protection -Thermoregulation -Sensation -Synthesis of vitamin D -Excretion of salts and wastes through sweat
Which are the epidermis’ five layers?
-Stratum Basale -Stratum Espinosum -Stratum Granulosum -Stratum Lucidum -Stratum Corneum
What does the dermis give?
Strength, extensibility and felxibility
Which are some of the accessory organs of the skin?
-Hairs -Nails -Sweat glands -Different glands
What is melanoma?
Skin cancer that forms in melanocytes
Where does melanoma begin?
In the epidermal basal layer
Which are some of the risk factors for melanoma?
-Fair skin -Tendency to burn -Intense bursts of sun exposure -Moles -Genetics
Which are the three types of burns?
-Chemical -Electrical -Thermal
Which part of the skin is damaged in a first degree burn?
Epidermis
Which part of the skin is damaged in a second degree burn?
Epidermis & partial thickness of the dermis
Which part of the skin is damaged in a third degree burn?
Epidermis, dermis & deeper tissues
What does the endocrine system consist of?
The endocrine hormones and the glands that produce them
What is the hypothalums?
The part of the brain that contains neurosecretary cells
What is the pituitary gland?
Where hormones are produced
Which hormone is produced in the hypothalamus (to anterior pituitary) and which are its functions?
Tropic hormones
Influence another gland’s hormone production
Which hormone is produced in the anterior pituitary and which are its functions?
Growth hormone
Promotes growth and development of all tissues.
Stimulates cells to take more amino acids, to move fats, and release glucose for energy.
Increseases the cell division into cartilage and bone for growth.
Which hormone is produced in the hypothalamus (to posterior pituitary) and which are its functions?
Antidiuretic hormone & Oxytocin
Released when neural activity in the brain stimulates neurosecretory cells
Which hormone is produced in the thyroid and which are its functions?
Thyroxine & Triiodothyronine
Increase the rate of cellular metabolism in target cells
Which hormone is produced in the parathyroid and which are its functions?
Parathyroid hormone
Maintains calcium levels in blood and tissue fluid
Which hormone is produced in the pancreas and which are its functions?
Polypeptides
Regulate the body’s use of nutrients
Which hormone is produced in the testes and which are its functions?
Testosterone
Stimulates sperm production, and the development of secondary sexual features.
Controls prostate gland function
Which hormone is produced in the ovaries and which are its functions?
Estrogen & Progesterone
Stimulate the development of female sexual features.
Control the menstrual cycle.
Which hormone is produced in the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla, and which are its functions?
Epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Help the body respond to and survive emergencies
What is cortisol?
Hormone released in response to stress, trauma, or exposure to extreme temperatures; which promotes the use of fats as energy
What is aldosterone?
Hormone that controls sodium concentrations
What is hyperthyroidism?
Having a hyperactive thyroid gland, resulting in an increased metabolism
What is hypothyroidism?
Having a hypoactive thyroid gland, resultin in a decreased metabolism
What is Cushing’s Syndrome?
Elevated cortisol levels caused by medication or tumor in a gland
What do tendons join?
Muscle and bone
What do ligaments join?
Muscle and muscle
Identify the different parts of skeletal muscles
Each myofibril consists of repeating subunits called…
Sarcomeres
Identify the different parts of the sarcomere
How could you be able to identify actin & myosin in a sarcomere?
Myosin is the thick line
Actin is the thin line
What are joints?
The point where the bones meet
Identify the different parts of the skeleton
Which are some of the main functions of the skeleton?
- support the body and protect internal organs
- allow locomotion
- sensory function
- store calcium & phosphorus
- produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Which parts form the axial skeleton?
- Head
- Vertebral column
- Rib cage
Which parts form the appendicular skeleton?
- pectoral & pelvic girdles
- appendages
Which are the three types of cells found in the skeleton?
- Osteoblasts: bone forming cells
- Osteocytes: mature bone cells
- Osteoclasts: bone dissolving cells
What is a fracture?
The loss of continuity in the bone
What is a sprain?
Injury of the ligaments that surround a joint
Which first aid measures would need to be taken in case of a sprain?
- Rest
- Ice
- Compression
- Elevation
- Try not to move
What is a joint dislocation?
Abnormal separation in the joint
What is reproduction?
Production of eggs and sperm and the processes leading to fertilization
What are gonads?
Ovaries and testes: produce gametes
What are gametes?
Haploid cells (sperms & ovum)
Identify the different parts of the female reproductive system
What do ovaries do?
Produce eggs, estrogen and progesterone
What is the fimbriae?
Cilia that move the egg into the oviduct
What does the uterine tube do?
Conducts the egg to the uterus
What does the cervix do?
Nearly closes up the outer end of the uterus
What is the vagina?
The birth canal and receptable of semen
Identify the different stages of a follicle
Analyze a woman’s menstruation cycle
Identify the different parts of the male reproductive system
What do the testes do?
Produce testosterone
What does the epididymis do?
Stores sperm and conducts them to the urethra
What do the seminal vesicles do?
Secrete fluid into the semen
Identify the different parts of a sperm cell
What occurs with chlamidia?
It infects the genital tract, urethra, anus, and eyes
Which are some of the sypmtoms for chlamidia?
- Tenderness of the vagina
- Vaginal discharges
Which are some of the symptoms for gonorrhea?
- Greenish/yellowish discharge
- Pelvic pain
- Dysuria
What is syphillis?
A painless ulcer in the genitals
Which are some of the side effects to syphillis in the long and short term?
Short term (4-8 weeks after infection):
Fever, rash on the palms and soles
Long term (1-20 years after infection):
Destructive gummas, deformación de la cara literalmente
What is AIDS?
Retrovirus that destroys CD4 and t Lymphocytes
Which are some of the infections for AIDS?
- Night sweats
- Weight loss
- Recurrent infections
