Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Embryology > Third Exam > Flashcards

Third Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What parts of the developing embryo are part of the ectodermal layer

A

neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the neural tube develop into

A

CNS and some PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cell activities occur during ectodermal organs formation

A

multiplyin, migrating, changing shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What composes the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What parts of the PNS does the ectodermal layer compose

A

neurons connecting CNS with skin, muscles, ect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 sources of ectoderm

A

original layer, scattered ectoderm cells, and the neural tub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how many neurons make up the nervous system

A

100,000,000,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many glial cells make up the nervous system

A

1,000,000,000,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many neurons are made within a minute

A

250,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the development of the spinal cord start off with

A

neural tube is a single layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of cells compose the neural tube

A

neuroepithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What kind of cell potency do the neuroepithelial cells have

A

pluripotent stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What kind of capacity for proliferation do the neuroepithelial cells have

A

virtually unlimited self-renewal and generation of more committed progenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

neuroblasts with continued proliferation produce what

A

neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Glioblasts produce what

A

glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what determines which progenitors and ultimate fates

A

timing and induction by the combination of growth factors at the present time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what determines the timing of cells

A

it switches which it makes more at different times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does induction signal changes

A

growth factors and neurotrophic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

does the neural tube exist in an adult

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where does the neural tube exist in an adult

A

the lumen of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Do neuroepithelial stem cells persist in the adult

A

yes allowing for cell replacement/ capacity for regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Are there neuroblast and glial blast cells in adults

A

yes, but limited capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the idea for figuring out NTF and alzheimers

A

in figuring out the right NTF, we could stimulate them to regenerate faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens initially to the neural tub

A

neuroblasts move out from the tube to some distance and stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why do the cells stop

A

they have congregated in a thick layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is this layer called

A

mantle layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What occurs to the cells in the mantle layer

A

they eventually stop dividing and sprout numerous extensions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are these extensions called

A

neurites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do the neurites extension form

A

axon and dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What occurs after neurites are formed

A

another round of division occurs by the neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the second round of division produce

A

glioblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do the glioblasts do after being formed

A

travel through mantle layer to marginal layer where they wrap around the axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

As they wrap axon what do they make

A

oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do oligodendrocytes make

A

myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What color is myelin

A

white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The marginal layer forms what layer

A

white layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the gray layer

A

mantle layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Why is the mantle layer gray

A

no myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What other thing do some of the glioblasts develop into. What is the second glial cell

A

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do astrocytes make

A

meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do microglia do

A

they are scattered through adults and are the immune system of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the third glial cell

A

microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What produces microglia cells

A

cells come from mesenchyme of mesoderm, not glialblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

as more cells are added, cells in the gray matter form what

A

layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what direction of the embryo do these layers form

A

dorsal ventral axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What occurs to the white and gray matter during embryogenesis

A

increase in thickness as the cells proliferati

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What does the thickening of the white and gray matter cause/create

A

fissures in the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Along with the astrocytes, what other cell forms a protective layer around the spinal cord

A

mesenchymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the protective layer around the spinal cord called

A

meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The layers in the gray matter are arranged how

A

functional flow of neurons in the reflex arc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What causes the neurons to form the reflex arc/ layers of the gray matter

A

overlapping gradients of inducers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the two chemical inducers involved in the formation of the reflex arc

A

SHH molecule and BMP4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What produces SHH molecule

A

notocord and floor plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What does SHH stand for

A

sonic hedge hog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What does SHH signal

A

motor neuron development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What produces BMP4

A

roof plate and dorsal ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What does BMP4 signal

A

development of sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Cells that don’t receive any signaling/ or equal parts of mixed signaling develop into what

A

the default pathway of creating interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How are the fissures created

A

cells piling up on the side and those cells on the dorsal later side not dividing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is a chief difference of the development of the brain from the spinal cord

A

lumen of neural tube expands into tunnels (not tube)
extra proliferation of cells in certain regions
some invagination and evagination occur
some mantle cells migrate through white marginal layer to form a new outermost layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are the tunnels created by lymen of neural tube expansion

A

ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What do the ventricles of the brain contain

A

cerebral spinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What does the extra proliferation of cells in certain regions create

A

lobes of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What does the invagination and evagination occurring create

A

sulci and gyri (ridges and grooves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

The spinal cord has how many layers of gray and white matter

A

2 (one of each)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What layer is the white layer

A

outside layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What layer is the gray layer

A

inside/ most central layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

In the brain, how many layers are there

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are the three layers of the brain

A

mantle layer, marginal, and cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Is the cortex layer gray or white matter

A

gray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Why is the cortex layer a gray layer

A

cell bodies and nuclei are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What occurs to the anterior head end of the neural tube

A

cell proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What does cell proliferation produce

A

3 bulges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What are the 3 bulges

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What does the prosencephalon produce

A

front brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What does the mesencephalon produce

A

middle brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What does the rhombencephalon produce

A

hind brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What part of the PNS is produced by the ectoderm

A

efferent and motor axons which exit the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Where do the efferent and motor axons exit the spinal cord

A

through the intervertebral foramina via its ventral roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are ther

A

31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What do the 3 primary bulges give rise to

A

secondary bulges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What does the prosensephalon give rise to

A

telencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What does the mesencephalon give rise to

A

diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What does the rhombenceophalon give rise to

A

metencephaon and myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What does the telencephalon give rise to

A

far brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What composes the far brain

A

cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What does the diencephalon produce

A

across brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What composes the across brain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, optic cup,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What is the optic cup

A

an evaginated area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What is the optic cup involved in functionally

A

making the retina of the eye, makes only the retina not the other parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Why does the optic cup development from the ectoderm/brain make sense

A

retina is composed of neurons and optic nerve that directly connects to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What does the myelencephalon produce

A

spinal cord brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What is the spinal cord brain

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What does the metencephalon produce

A

after brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What composes the after brain

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Where do neural crest cells originate

A

stranded cells, cells from the crests of neural fold at he junction of the neural plate, and the epidermal ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Where do the stranded cells come from

A

when the neural tube fuse, the neural plate to neural plate expresses n-cam and epidermis to epidermis express e-cadherin. cells that do not express either are stranded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What properties do neural crest cells express

A

stem cell properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What are the 3 movements that neural crest cells perform

A

dorsolateral movement
dorsoventral movement
some stay in the vicinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

How do neural crest cells gain movement ability

A

lose their connections and adhesiveness to the ectodermal layer and become migratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What does the dorsolateral movement produce

A

plug themselves into the epidermis to get melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What do cells undergoing dorsoventral movement produce

A

develop into different organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

What happens to the cells that remain close to the neural tube

A

aggregate into the dorsal root ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

What is the first blood vessel created

A

dorsal aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

How do we determine what cell fates these cells have

A

injecting with dye and see where the cells end up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

What are the different fates of the neural crest cells

A 
sensory neurons and glial cells of PNS
nose and ear cartilage
some facial bones
epithelium of cornea
teeth dentin layer
melanocytes
hormone-producing adrenal glands
arterial smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

What 2 hypothesis are there to identify NC Fate

A

pluripotency idea and selection process idea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

What is the pluripotency idea

A

all neural crest cells are pluripotent, it just ended up in that location and became that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

The pluripotency idea says fate is determined when

A

in the end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What is the selection process idea

A

neural crest cells fate are determined at the start, they have been programmed since the beginning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

What idea supports the process of neural crest fate

A

both, mixture of both ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Why do cells migrate in a certain direction

A

correct SAM and substrate molecules

soluble chemotactic factors, CTF receoptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

What does SAM allow

A

allows cells with correct SAM to follow the path of substrate to where it is suppose to be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

What does having the right neurotrophic factor allow

A

chemotaxis occurs and cell moves in right direction of hishest concentration, cells have specific neurotrophic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

What neurotrophic factor develops melanocytes

A

steel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

What secretes steel

A

epidermis cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

What factor develops neural crest cells into enteric ganglion

A

GDNF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

What produces GDNF

A

gut endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

What is the funcion of enteric ganglion

A

coordinates intestinal motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

What is a problem associated with mutated GDNF

A

Hirschspung Disease in birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

What is another name for Hirschspung Disease

A

congenital megacolon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

What occurs due to mutated GDNF

A

serious enteric obstruction and distention due to no enteric ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

What are ectodermal placodes

A

patches, islands, of ectoderm formed by the cells taking on columnar, less flat shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Where are ectodermal placodes found

A

regions of the developing head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

How many ectodermal placodes are there

A

3 pairs (6 total)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

What causes the formation of ectodermal placodes

A

induced by the underlying parts of the developing brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

What are the 3 placodes

A

otic
lens
nasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

What do placodes make

A

paired structures like eyes, ears, nostrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

What does the otic placode produce

A

inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

What chemical morphogen causes the production of the otic placode

A

FGF19 and Wnt8c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

What produces FGF19 and Wnt8c

A

underlying rhombencephalon of the developing brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

What occurs to the cells that receive the chemical morphogens

A

they get taller and invaginate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

What occurs to the invagination of the otic pit

A

otic pit deepens, and the edges of the pit fuse together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

What does this fusion of the edges produce

A

vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

What occurs to the vesicle with time

A

as the cell multiply, the vessicle become short elongated tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

What is this short elongated tube eventually become

A

cochlea and semicircular canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

the cochlea and semicircular canals make up what

A

the inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

What functional role does the cochlea make up

A

hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

What functional role do the semicircular canals make up

A

equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

What occurs immediately following the invagination that leads to vesicle

A

the pit closes up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

What happens after the pit closes up

A

it reinvaginates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

What does the reinvagination produce

A

the external ear canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

How is the middle ear formed

A

the endoderm of the pharynx evaginates to connect to the middle ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

What does this connection create

A

ecto endo meeting point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

Where do the bones of the ear come from

A

the mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

What does the lens placode produce

A

the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

What induces the formation of the eye

A

optic cup from the diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

What occurs first following induction

A

invagination to produce lens vessicle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

Cells on the ventral side of the vesicle are what

A

stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

What do these stem cells do

A

multiply to produce layers upon each other, “onion like” layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

What occurs following proliferation

A

the lens vesicle induces the optic cup to surround the vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

What type of interaction do the lens vesicle and optic cup have

A

reciprocal interaction/ coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

What occurs when the optic cup surrounds the lens vesicle

A

lens has been eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

How does the optic cup surround the lens vesicle

A

new layers of cells continue to form around the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

Why is it important that the optic cup stops proliferating at some point

A

so it doesnt cover completely to leave an opening for the pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

What occurs following the proliferation around the lens vesicle

A

proliferation of the optic cup occurs to produce multiple layers

157
Q

What do these multiple layers create

A

the retina, including rods and cones

158
Q

Does the optic cup separate into layers the entire way around the eye. Why or Why not

A

no. it remains attached in the back to serve as the conduit for the optic nerve and artery

159
Q

What forms the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells in retina

160
Q

Where does the sclera and choroid come from

A

mesenchyme cells of the mesoderm

161
Q

What attracts the mesenchyme cells

A

optic cup attracts them

162
Q

what occurs to the lens placodes when finished

A

they move medially towards the center of the face, not all the way

163
Q

What occurs to the odic placodes when finished development

A

they remain in spot

164
Q

What occurs to the nasal placode when finished

A

moves medially all the way to the center of the face

165
Q

What does the nasal placode form

A

the nostrils

166
Q

what layer of the brain produces the nasal placode

A

endoderm and telencephalon

167
Q

What is the first step of nasal placode development

A

invagination occurs

168
Q

What follows following invagination

A

no vessicle is formed, but the pit gets deeper and deeper

169
Q

How far do the pits get deeper

A

until they come in contact with the oral cavity

170
Q

How far forward on the face do the nasal placodes move

A

until the walls of the pit meet

171
Q

What causes the nasal placodes to move forward

A

development of maxilla

172
Q

What does the shared wall between the two pits form

A

nasal septum

173
Q

In some cases when the maxilla bones fail to fuse, what is caused

A

cleft pallet

174
Q

What is the epidermis made of

A

stratified epithelium

175
Q

What is the dermis made of

A

collagen/fibroblasts
nerves
circulatory system and blood cells

176
Q

Where do collagen and fibroblasts come from

A

mesenchym scattered cells

177
Q

Where do nerves come from

A

neural crest

178
Q

Where do circulatory system and blood cells come from

A

mesoderm

179
Q

What are derivatives of the skin

A

hair, nails, feathers, scales, antlers, hooves, pads

180
Q

do horns =antlers

A

no, horns are bone and antlers are ectoderm

181
Q

What induces the skin derivatives

A

mesenchyme cells in the underlying dermis

182
Q

What produces a hair bud

A

proliferation and invagination

183
Q

What causes the cells to invaginate

A

mesenchyme cells secrete FGF10

184
Q

What occurs to the knot of mesenchyme cells

A

proliferating cells surround it

185
Q

What has formed once the invagination and mesenchyme is surrounded

A

hair follicle

186
Q

How is the hair shaft formed

A

multiplication

187
Q

What forms the capillaries that supplies the epidermis

A

elongate to the follicule from the mesoderm

188
Q

Where do sebacious glands come from

A

evagination of the hair follicule

189
Q

Are sebacious glands connected to the hair follicule

A

yes

190
Q

How are glands produced

A

proliferation and invagination of ectodermal cells induced in the proper locations

191
Q

Once invagination of the ectodermal cells occurs, what happens

A

branching occurs (mammary glands) to form interconnected branches to each other

192
Q

What causes the branching to occur

A

TGF-beta

193
Q

What does TGF-beta do

A

stimulate proliferation
prohibits branching
inhibits TGF-beta

194
Q

When can cells begin to branch again

A

once they are outside of TGF beta zone

195
Q

To produce tree like branching what occurs

A

the process repeats in cycles randomly

196
Q

What does the endodermal layer create

A

gut lining

197
Q

What makes up the gut lining

A

inner epithelium only

198
Q

What other GI tract tissues are present

A

blood vessels and smooth muscle cells
enteric neurons
connective tissue

199
Q

Where does the blood vessels and smooth muscle cells come from

A

mesodermal layer

200
Q

Where does enteric neurons come from

A

neural crest

201
Q

Where does connective tissue come from

A

mesenchyme

202
Q

What cellular movement creates foregut and hindgut

A

ventral folding at the cranial and caudal ends

203
Q

What maintains the connection of gut to the yolk sac

A

vitelline duct

204
Q

What carves the embryo off the yolk sac

A

ventral closure

205
Q

What occurs following ventral folding at the anterior and posterior ends of the embryo

A

the endoderm and ectoderm contact each other

206
Q

The location where the endoderm and ectoderm come in contact at the anterior end is called what

A

stomodeum

207
Q

The location where the endoderm and ectoderm come in contact at the posterior end is called what

A

proctodeum

208
Q

THe proctodeum develops into what

A

anus

209
Q

The stomodeum develops into what

A

mouth

210
Q

What is the function of the stomodeum and proctodeum

A

temporarily prevent amniotic fluid from getting inside the embryo

211
Q

The anterior end of the gut tube forms what

A

esophagus

212
Q

Between what layers do the tubes form

A

mesoderm and endoderm

213
Q

Following the esophagus what forms next

A

stomach

214
Q

Behind the stomach what forms

A

rudiment of the small intestine

215
Q

Following the small intestine what forms

A

colon

216
Q

What causes the formation of these structures

A

chemical morphogens

217
Q

What chemical morphogens causes the formation of these organs

A

BFGF and noggin/OtX2

218
Q

What secretes BFGF

A

posterior end of the embryo, near proctodeum

219
Q

What secretes noggin/OTX2

A

anterior end of the embryo, near stomodeum

220
Q

What are the gut derivatives

A 
trachea
liver
pancreas
salivary glands
urinary bladder
221
Q

What causes the formation of the trachea

A

invagination of esophagus occurs

222
Q

On what surface does the invagination occur

A

ventral surface

223
Q

What occurs following invagination to form the trachea

A

proliferation of cells/involution

224
Q

What results due to proliferation of cells

A

bud enlarges

225
Q

How far does this occur down the esophagus

A

part way starting at the pharynx

226
Q

What occurs following the formation of a bud

A

the trachea and esophagus seal over to create two separate but conjoined tubes

227
Q

Following the formation of the trachea, what occurs to the trachea

A

it splits into two primary bronchi

228
Q

What occurs to the two primary bronchi

A

split into smaller branches, which split into smaller and smaller branches

229
Q

What does the splitting of the bronchi form

A

respiratory tree

230
Q

What is at the ends of the respiratory tree

A

alveoli

231
Q

What are alveoli

A

air sacs

232
Q

What is the future function of alveoli

A

gas exchange

233
Q

What occurs in development to allow for future gas exchange

A

the alveoli attract capillaries

234
Q

Do the trachea and esophagus share a similar opening

A

yes

235
Q

What is the name of the shared opening

A

the mouth

236
Q

What type of lining does the esophagus have

A

stratified squamous

237
Q

What type of lining does the trachea have

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

238
Q

What is the master control gene that leads to the formation of the trachea

A

TBX-4

239
Q

What is tracheal esophageal fistula

A

where the wall between the esophagus and trachea have not closed leading to food in the lungs

240
Q

How do alveoli attract capillaries

A

the capillaries branch in the direction of the alveoli sacs

241
Q

What allows the formation of branching bronchioles and capillaries to meet

A

reciprocal interaction/mutual induction

242
Q

What is the first step that leads to the formation of the liver

A

invagination/ bud of gut tube

243
Q

Where does the invagination of the gut tube occur to form the liver

A

posterior to the stomach and just before the small intestine

244
Q

What occurs immediately following the budding of the gut tube

A

it is wrapped by mesoderm

245
Q

Why does any bud get immediately wrapped by mesoderm

A

because it buds into the mesoderm layer

246
Q

What occurs to the bud following being wrapped by mesoderm

A

it buds more and branches into lobes

247
Q

Does a wall form between the liver and the gut tube

A

no, they remain connected

248
Q

How does the liver remain connected to the gut tube

A

hepatic duct

249
Q

What else buds off the hepatic duct

A

the formation of the gallbladder

250
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder

A

store bile made from the liver between meals

251
Q

What sphincter is formed between hepatic duct and small intestine

A

sphincter of Oddi

252
Q

What controls the formation of the pancreas

A

the master control gene

253
Q

What is the name of the master control gene that controls the formation of the pancreas

A

PDX1

254
Q

What is the potential therapeutic role involving PDX1

A

cure diabetes by switching on PDX1 to make a pancreas

255
Q

Where does the Pancreas form first

A

a bud from the small intestine

256
Q

Following the bud formation, what occurs

A

the bud branches

257
Q

How does the pancrease connect to the small intestine

A

via the pancreatic duct

258
Q

Following the branching of the pancreas what occurs

A

the pancreatic duct and the hepatic duct combine into one

259
Q

What is the name of the combined hepatic duct and pancreatic duct

A

common bile duct

260
Q

What is the structure of the pancreas, what makes it up

A

filled with lots of endoderm, lots of exocrin alveoli, endocrine parts and ducts

261
Q

Where do the salivary glands form

A

in the region of the pharynx

262
Q

What is the first step of salivary gland formation

A

buds off anterior end of gut tube

263
Q

What occurs to the buds of the anterior end of the gut tube

A

they branch

264
Q

How do the branching salvary glands remain connected to the gut tube

A

salivary ducts

265
Q

What forms at the end of the branching salivary ducts

A

alveoli like end

266
Q

What is the function of the alveoli like end

A

secrete saliva

267
Q

What is the first step in the formation of the urinary bladder

A

invagination/ bud formation on the ventral surface of the hindgut

268
Q

What occurs to the invagination forming the urinary bladder

A

it proliferates and extends

269
Q

Does the developing bladder branch

A

no

270
Q

What does the extending unbranched tube eventually develop into

A

enlarged extra embryonic sac

271
Q

What is the name of the enlarged extra embryonic sac

A

allantoic sac

272
Q

What is the function of the allantoic sac

A

temporary storage site for wastes

273
Q

What does the allantoic sac develop into

A

intra-embryonic bulge

274
Q

What does the intra embryonic bulge become

A

urinary bladder

275
Q

What occurs to the remainder of the allentoic sac

A

disinegrates

276
Q

The duct that channeled from the now bladder to previous allentoic sac is what

A

transitions into uractus

277
Q

What is the uractus

A

connective tissue that holds the gut up

278
Q

Why does the waste get stored outside the developing embryo

A

the kidneys don’t work yet

279
Q

If the uractus does not seal on the umbilical end what is formed

A

uractal fistula

280
Q

What is a uractal fistula

A

urine dribbles out belly button

281
Q

Following the development of the endoderm bladder what occurs

A

mesoderm layers onto it
allantoic sac converts into urachus
urinary bladder remains connected to the gut

282
Q

For birds and fish, what is formed via connection of the gut and urinary bladder

A

cloaca

283
Q

What is the cloaca

A

solid and liquid wastes and eggs exit from the one common opening

284
Q

In mammals, what forms between bladder and gut

A

a partition to divide the cloaca into separate openings

285
Q

What is the name of the partition

A

perineum

286
Q

What is the perineum composed of

A

mesenchymal cells

287
Q

What is the only endodermal portion of the bladder

A

inside lining only

288
Q

What forms the layers around the bladder

A

mesodermal layers

289
Q

on what side of the embryo are the liquid wastes

A

ventral

290
Q

What side of the embryo are the solid wastes

A

dorsal

291
Q

What is the new duct formed by the perineum called

A

urethra

292
Q

Where are pharyngeal pouches formed

A

from neck region to mouth

293
Q

What locations on the embryo are pharyngeal pouches formed

A

anterior end of foregut, between mouth and esophagus

294
Q

What occurs in the phaynx region

A

several points, the endoderm bulges out while the ectoderm sinks in

295
Q

What does the endoderm bulging out form

A

pharyngeal pouch

296
Q

What does the ectoderm sinking in form

A

pharyngeal clefts

297
Q

What does the area in between the form

A

pharyngeal arches

298
Q

What composes most of the pharyngeal arch

A

mesoderm

299
Q

Each pharyngeal arch has what

A

one blood vessel

300
Q

What type of interaction do the pharyngeal cleft and pouch have

A

reciprocal interaction, they induced each other

301
Q

What does pouch #1 develop into

A

the middle ear cavity

302
Q

What is formed via the connecting pouch and cleft meeting

A

tympanic membrane

303
Q

What does cleft #1 form

A

outer ear

304
Q

What is created to connect the ear to the pharynx

A

eustacian tube

305
Q

What do clefts #2-6 form

A

nothing, they disappear

306
Q

What was the functional role of clefts #2-6

A

just to induce the formation of the pairing pouches

307
Q

In fish, what occurs to the pouches and clefts

A

they fuse

308
Q

What does the fusing of the clefts and pouches form

A

gill slits

309
Q

What occurs to the arches in fish

A

they flatten

310
Q

What is formed from the flattening arches

A

gills

311
Q

What is the function of the gills

A

gas exchange

312
Q

What is the believe associated between fish and humans

A

fish have common structures to humans proving that we are common descents

313
Q

What phrase captures that all animals undergo replay of their history of ancestors during development

A

ontogeny racapulates phylogeny

314
Q

What does arch#1 form

A

malleus and incus (middle ear bones), mandible, maxillax zygomatic bones, associated muscles

315
Q

What does arch #2 form

A

stapes, styloid process , hyoid bone, associated muscles

316
Q

Where is the hyoid bone

A

beneath the tongue

317
Q

Where are the styloid processes

A

of temporal bone, beneath/anterior to ear canal

318
Q

What does pouch #2 form

A

palatine tonsil

319
Q

Where is the palatine tonsil

A

faces pharynx

320
Q

What does arch #3 form

A

hyoid bone and associated muscles

321
Q

What does pouch #3 form

A

thymus gland

322
Q

What is function of thymus gland

A

maturation of T lymphocytes

323
Q

What do arches #4-6 form

A

larynx and associated muscles

324
Q

What does puch #4 form

A

thyroid and parathyroid glands

325
Q

What does clefts #2-6 form

A

they disappear

326
Q

What are the fates of pharyngeal pouches, clefts, and archers in other animals

A

different than humans

327
Q

(view of evolutionist) What do embryos of higher organisms do in development

A

they pass through the adult forms of lower organisms in the course of development

328
Q

All members of the subphylum vertebrata pass through what same stage

A

pharyngeal pouches

329
Q

WHy can’t gill slits be used to prove evolution

A

it was evolution that led them to being called gill slits

330
Q

What did Darwin have to rely on for his evolutionary ideals

A

embryologists

331
Q

What embryologist did Darwin rely on

A

Ernst Haeckel

332
Q

What flaw did Ernst Haeckel use in trying to prove evolution

A

biased sample of embryos, only those that supported his hypothesis

333
Q

What did Haeckel intentionally do to promote evolution

A

distorted his drawings to make them look even more similary

334
Q

What did Haeckel ignore that influenced his view of evolution

A

ignored earlier stages of development that embryos showed greater differences

335
Q

To christians what is the view seen by evolutionists

A

they are forcing the evidence to fit the preconceived conclusions rather than derive conclusions from the evidence

336
Q

What are the 4 subdivisions of the mesoderm

A

axial
paraxial/segmental
intermediate
lateral

337
Q

What is epithelial

A

sheets of mesoderm cells

338
Q

What is mesenchyme

A

scattered cells surrounded by lots of extracellular matrix

339
Q

What does the axial mesoderm consist of

A

notocord

340
Q

What structure is the notocord

A

temporary, rigid cartilage-like skeleton, tube

341
Q

How many sheets of cells make up the intermediate subdivision of the mesoderm

A

one

342
Q

How many sheets make up the lateral section of mesoderm

A

two

343
Q

What makes up the paraaxial region of mesoderm

A

somites

344
Q

What does the notocord prove in regards to origins

A

evolution from amphioxus

345
Q

What is amphioxus

A

a simple primitive organism that only has a notocord and paired somites

346
Q

What is the most important function of the notocord

A

induces through secretion of chemomorphogen

347
Q

What is the chemical secreted by the notocord

A

noggin

348
Q

What does the noggin secreted by the notocord induce

A

neural tube formation

349
Q

What is the skeletal function of the notocord

A

notocord cells surround neural tube

350
Q

What does the surround of the neural tube form

A

vertebral column

351
Q

What do the notocord cells persist as

A

part of the spongy intervertebral discs

352
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm consist of

A

initially two ridges of mesenchymal cells

353
Q

Where are these two ridges of mesenchymal cells located

A

either side of the notocord

354
Q

What occurs to the two ridges of mesenchymal cells on the sides of the notocord

A

divide into segments

355
Q

What are these segments called

A

somites

356
Q

What is the function of somites

A

induce or form other segmental, or repeated structures

357
Q

What are the structures formed by the somites

A

nerves, blood vessels, ribs, vertebrae, intercostal muscles

358
Q

Younger embryos have how many somites

A

fewer somites

359
Q

Older embryos have how many somites

A

more somites

360
Q

What is between the somites

A

space of mesoderm

361
Q

What causes the segmentation of the somites

A

expression of N-cadherin in some cells

362
Q

Expression of N-cadherin in some cells causes what

A

the cells to clump together to form a circle

363
Q

What kind of circle structure is formed by the somites

A

a hollow ball of cells

364
Q

With time, what occurs to the somites

A

they flatten

365
Q

After the somites flatten, what occurs

A

cells disband and are lured away by chemical signals

366
Q

Because cells are lured away in different directions what does this do in regards to role

A

head off to different fates

367
Q

How many groups disband from the somite

A

4

368
Q

What are the 4 groups that disband from the somite

A

sclerotome
epiaxial myotone
hypoaxial myotone
dermatone

369
Q

What does the sclerotome cells do

A

surround the neural tube and notocord

370
Q

What does the sclerotome cells surrounding the neural tube and notocord produce

A

vertebrae and ribs

371
Q

What are vertebrae and ribs structure

A

bones

372
Q

Where does the epaxial myotome go

A

it stays but proliferates

373
Q

What does the epaxial myotome develop into

A

dorsal trunk muscles

374
Q

Where does the hypaxial myotome migrate

A

ventro-laterally, around to ventral side and when limbs form it goes there

375
Q

What does the hypaxial myotome develop into

A

ventral trunk muscles and limb muscles

376
Q

Where does the dermotome go

A

above the region, under ectoderm

377
Q

What does the dermotome develop into

A

the dermis

378
Q

what is the dermis

A

layer directly beneath the skin

379
Q

What determines somite cell determination

A

hetertopic transplantation

380
Q

What causes heterotopic transplantion

A

somites develop according to new location
determined from original location
overlap of three morphogen gradients

381
Q

What are the three morphogens used to determine paraxial mesoderm fates

A

SHH
BMP4
unknown identity

382
Q

Where is SHH produced

A

notocord and floor plate of neural plate

383
Q

What region of the somite does SHH interact with most

A

sclerotome mostly

384
Q

Where is BMP4 produced

A

roof plate of neural tube and epidermis

385
Q

Where does BMP4 contact the somite

A

epiaxial myotome

386
Q

Where does the unknown identity morphogen come from

A

intermediate region

387
Q

What does the unknown identity morphogen interact with the somites

A

hypoaxial

388
Q

If you don’t get any of the three chemical induces what does the natural route become

A

dermotome

Embryology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions