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BIO251 > Third Exam > Flashcards

Third Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Major Functions of Skeletal System

A
  1. Blood Formation
  2. Support
  3. Protection
  4. Movement
  5. Storage and Release of Minerals
  6. Storage Triglycerides
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2
Q

Blood Formation

A

Blood is formed in the red bone marrow

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3
Q

Red bone marrow is found in:

A
  1. Epiphysis of long bones
  2. Bones of axial skeleton
  3. Bone of the pelvis
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4
Q

Organs protected by bone of skeletal system

A
  1. Skull bones surround and protect brain
  2. Vertebral column surrounds and protects spinal cord
  3. Vertebrae, ribs, and sternum protect heart and lungs
  4. Pelvis partially protects and surrounds reproductive organs
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5
Q

How does muscle attach to bone?

A

Via tendons

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6
Q

What is bone matrix made up of?

A

Calcium and phosphate salts

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7
Q

Calcium is crucial for proper function of what?

A
  1. Nerves and muscles (especially cardiac muscle)
  2. Blood clotting
  3. Glandular secretions
  4. Cell division
  5. Activating many of the body’s enzymes
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8
Q

Storage of triglycerides in form of yellow bone marrow

A

Red bone marrow replaced with adipocytes that function in storage of lipids (mainly in form of triglycerides). They can be used as chemical and energy reserve

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9
Q

Four types of cells in bone tissue

A
  1. Osteogenic
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
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10
Q

Osteogenic Cells

A

Stem cells of bone tissue that give rise to other 3

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11
Q

Osteoblasts cells

A

Bone-building cells that produce the living collagenous matrix of a bone. While nonliving calcium deposits are laid down around them hardening the tissue and forming lacunae around them

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12
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells- once osteoblasts are encased in cellular matrix and fully calcified

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13
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Reabsorbs and recycle old or injured bone tissue. Maintains strong and healthy bones

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14
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense bone organized into 3 distinct patterns: concentric lamellae, circumferential lamellae, interstitial lamellae

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15
Q

Spongy bone

A
  1. Lighter in density than compact bone.
  2. Present during bone development and can be found in marrow cavities of long bones, where the blood cells are formed and developed.
    Bone matrix forms trabeculae which allow for nutrient diffusion without use of blood vessels
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16
Q

3 types of cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
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17
Q

Cartilage

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Comprised of chondrocytes, housed within lacunae, suspended with a gelatinous , fibrous, and extracellular matrix
  3. Flexibility depends on amount of collagen fibers in matrix along with number and orientation of chondrocytes
  4. 2 different growth patterns appositional and interstitial
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18
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Acts as articular cartilage in our joints, covers ends of long bones, and supports tip of nose and much of respiratory system

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19
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Present in external ear and epiglottis, similar to hyaline, but with more elastic fibers in the matrix

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20
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Located in Body regions that require strong support and ability to withstand pressure (knee, pubic synthesis, and spine)
Obtains more rigid characteristics from rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers in the matrix

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21
Q

Appositional growth

A

Consists of chondrocytes excreting more matrix against the outer walls of preexisting cartilage

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22
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Consists of chondrocytes secreting matrix from within the cartilage. It then calcifies during normal bone growth, but this calcified cartilage is still not considered bone, as it has not yet developed into osteocytes

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23
Q

Dense regular connective tissue can be found in

A
  1. Tendons - attach muscle to bone allowing for the muscle to pull on the bone and create movement
  2. Ligaments - attach bone to bone and prevent excessive movement at a joint
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24
Q

5 different bone shapes

A
  1. Long bone
  2. Flat bone
  3. Short bone
  4. Irregular bone
  5. Sesamoid bone
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25
Q

Long bone

A

Bone that is longer than it is wide

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26
Q

Flat bone

A

Bone that is wider than it is long

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27
Q

Short bone

A

Bone that is just as long as it is wide

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28
Q

Irregular bone

A

Bone that has different bony projections off of it making the shape different and no 2 bones being the exact same

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29
Q

Sesamoid bone

A
  1. Sesame seed shape

2. Found in tendons and ligaments, areas of extreme stress, that whelp to reduce friction

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30
Q

Digital bone

A
  1. Sixth potential all type of bone
  2. Bone of the skull begin to grow they join to become joint known as suture
  3. As sutures begin to close there can be additional bones that can grow in the suture known as sutural bones
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31
Q

Parts of a long bone

A
  1. Epiphysis
  2. Articular cartilage
  3. Diaphysis
  4. Metaphysis
  5. Medullary cavity
  6. Endosteum
  7. Periosteum
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32
Q

Epiphysis (proximal and distal)

A
  1. Ends of the long bone

2. Mainly made up of spongy bone

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33
Q

Articular cartilage

A
  1. Found on epiphysis

2. Typically made up of hyaline cartilage and forms the joints of the bone

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34
Q

Diaphysis

A
  1. Shaft of the bone

2. Mainly made up of compact bone

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35
Q

Metaphysis

A
  1. Sits between epiphysis and diaphysis

2. Area contains the epiphyseal plate, where long bones grow longitudinally

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36
Q

Medullary cavity

A
  1. Empty cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone

2. Filled with red bone marrow in early childhood

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37
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin layer of connective tissue lining the medullary cavity

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38
Q

Periosteum

A
  1. Dense fibrous connective tissue lining the outside the diaphysis
  2. Inner layer is the osteogenic layer line with osteoblasts and allows for bone remodeling and growth
  3. High innervated this causes pain when damaged
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39
Q

Ossification has 3 stages

A
  1. Growth of the bone occurs during infancy, childhood, and adolescence
  2. Remodeling of the old bone occurs to form new bone tissue during life
  3. Repair of breaks or fractures in bones occurs throughout life
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40
Q

When does bone development begin

A

Initiation of bone development begins during fetal development during 6th or 7th week of gestation

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41
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Bone formation that only occurs in the flat bones of the skull without use of cartilage, but rather mesenchymal stem cells

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42
Q

Endochondrial Ossification

A

Refers to the process of cartilage becoming ossified in order to develop into long bones

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43
Q

4 steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Development of ossification center
  2. Calcification of the extracellular matrix
  3. Formation of the trabeculae for blood vessels
  4. Development of the periosteum
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44
Q

Steps of Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. Development of a cartilaginous framework
  2. Formation of primary ossification center
  3. Development of the medullary cavity and calcification
  4. Development of the secondary ossification center
  5. Formation of articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, and spongy bone
  6. Closing of the epiphyseal plate and formation of the epiphyseal line
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45
Q

How do we grow from adolescent to adult?

A

Growth that gives adults their height happens at the growth plates of long bones and resembles endochondral bone growth

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46
Q

Hyaline cartilage of the growth plate is divided into several zones

A
  1. Zone of reserve cartilage-furthest from the diaphysis. Contains resting chondrocytes that don’t show any signs of transformation
  2. Zone of proliferating cartilage-as we move closer to diaphysis the chondrocytes will begin to multiply and arrange into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae
  3. Zone of hypertrophy-moving closer to diaphysis chondrocytes cease to multiply. Cell begin to enlarge. Walls of matrix between lacunae and matrix becomes very thin
  4. Zone of calcifying cartilage-next layer closest to diaphysis is zone of calcifying cartilage. Minerals are being deposited into matrix. Mineral depositions into bone are occurring between columns of lacunae
  5. Zone of bone deposition-closest to diaphysis chondrocytes die. Matrix between columns converts and blood immediately invades the area.osteoclasts remove temp bone that was deposited. Osteoblasts begin to create the lamellae depositing zone. This deposition begins to add bone to diaphysis extending it in the longitudinal growth. Called interstitial or lengthwise bone growth
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47
Q

Appositional growth (remodeling)

A

In order to prevent fractures the bone will increase in width or thicken to increase the bones ability to resist stress.

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48
Q

Appositional growth has 4 steps

A
  1. Periosteum cells differentiate into osteoblasts cells. Osteoblast cells begin to secrete collagen fibers and begin to lay down bone extracellular matrix. Allows the osteocytes to begin to be surrounded by bone matrix create lacunae and maturing the osteoblasts into osteocytes.
  2. Folds eventually fuse together with a tunnel center for periosteum artery. Former periosteum that is now lining the inner canal is now endosteum
  3. Osteoblasts continue to deposit bone matrix now forming new concentric lamellae. Combo of new central canal, new lacunae, new concentric lamellae join to form a new osteon
  4. As osteon forms, we osteoblasts continue to deposit bone creating more concentric lamellae and continuing to increase the thickness of the bone
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49
Q

Bone reabsorption

A

Activating osteoclasts which will release a protein-digesting lysosomal enzyme and several acids these chemicals will breakdown bone matrix releasing calcium and other minerals into bloodstream. This will reduce thickness of the bone

50
Q

Bone growth and remodeling rely on several factors

A
  1. Vitamins
  2. Minerals
  3. Hormones
    Insulin
    Sex hormones
    Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
    Calcitriol
    Calcitonin
51
Q

How much calcium does the skeletal system need to maintain homeostasis?

A

99% of calcium found in body

52
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Secreted by parathyroid glands. Function in activating osteoclasts. This instructs kidneys to retain calcium rather than excrete it.
Kidney will secrete calcitriol in response to low blood calcium levels which cause more absorption of calcium from digestive system
If blood calcium levels get too high thyroid gland will produce calcitonin to decrease osteoclasts activity and accelerate calcium deposits restoring homeostasis

53
Q

Leptin

A

Another hormone that affects bone density. Inhibits osteoblasts activity. And serotonin which also inhibits osteoblast activity

54
Q

Bone fracture are named according to

A
  1. Severity of fracture
  2. Shape or position of fracture line
  3. Physician who first described given fracture
55
Q

Steps to repairing bones

A
  1. Hematoma formation-hematoma converted to granulation tissue by invasion of cells and blood capillaries
  2. Silt callus formation-deposition of collagen and fibrocartilage converts granulation tissue to a soft callus
  3. Hard callus formation-osteoblasts deposit a temp bony collar around the fracture to unite the broken pieces while ossification occurs
  4. Bone remodeling-small bone fragments are removed by osteoclasts, while osteoblasts deposit spongy bone and then convert to compact bone
56
Q

Axial skeleton consists of

A

Skulls, bones associated with skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

57
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Consist of 126 bones that support the pectoral and pelvic girdles, and of the limbs that attach to the truck

58
Q

How many bones does adult skeleton have?

A

206

59
Q

Skeleton is divided into 2 categories

A

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

60
Q

What is the purpose of axial skeleton?

A

Protect body’s most vital organs such as: brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs

61
Q

How many bones does axial skeleton consist of?

A

80

14 facial, 26 vertebral, 24 ribs, 8 accessory bones

62
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses found

A
  1. Ethmoid sinus
  2. Frontal sinus
  3. Maxillary sinus
  4. Sphenoid sinus
63
Q

Coronal suture

A

Front and parietal bones join to form suture

64
Q

Sagittarius suture

A

2 parietal bones join to form the suture

65
Q

Squamous suture

A

Temporal and parietal bones join to form suture

66
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

Parietal and occipital bones join to form suture

67
Q

Sutures within adult skull

A
  1. Coronal suture
  2. Sagittarius suture
  3. Squamous suture
  4. Lambdoid suture
68
Q

Fontanelles (sutures) within adolescent skull

A
  1. Anterior fontanelle
  2. Posterior fontanelle
  3. Anterolateral (sphenoid) fontanelle
  4. Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanelle
69
Q

Anterior fontanelle

A

Coronal and Sagittarius sutures join to form fontanelle

70
Q

Posterior fontanelle

A

Sagittarius and lambdoid sutures join to form fontanelle

71
Q

Anterolateral (sphenoid) fontanelle

A

Coronal and squamous sutures join to form fontanelle

72
Q

Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanelle

A

Squamous and lambdoid sutures join to form fontanelle

73
Q

How many bones does adult vertebral column consist of?

A

26: 24 vertebral plus coccyx and sacrum

74
Q

Function of adult vertebral column

A

Function in supporting the weight of the head, neck, and truck. As well as protect spinal cord, and help maintain upright body position

75
Q

How many of easy type of vertebrae?

A
  1. 7 cervical. You eat breakfast at 7
  2. 12 thoracic. Lunch at noon
  3. 5 lumbar Dinner at 5
76
Q

Ribs have 7 named parts

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Tubercle
  4. Angle
  5. Shaft
  6. Eternal end
  7. Vertebral end
77
Q

Thoracic cage consists of

A
  1. 12 thoracic vertebrae
  2. 12 pairs of ribs (10 true ribs, 2 floating)
  3. Sternum
78
Q

What is the function of thoracic cage?

A

Guards lungs, heart, thymus gland, and other structures in thoracic cavity.
Also serves as an attachment point for muscles involved in breathing, maintaining position of vertebral column, assisting in movements of upper limbs and pectoral girdle

79
Q

Function of appendicular skeleton.

A
  1. Allows body movement

2. Protects organs used for excretion, reproduction, and digestion

80
Q

How many bones do upper limbs consist of

A

60 (30 in each arm)

81
Q

What is longest and largest bone of upper limbs?

A

Humerus

82
Q

Radius and ulna

A
  1. Comprise bones of forearm

2. In anatomical position radius is lateral while ulna is medial

83
Q

What is the word for thumb?

A

Pollex

84
Q

Pelvic girdle consists of

A
  1. 2 hip bones

2. Sacrum

85
Q

Function of pelvic girdle

A

Protect and support pelvic organs

86
Q

What is longest and strongest bone in the body?

A

Femur

87
Q

Tibia

A

Comprises the medial portion of lower leg

88
Q

What bone is considered major weight bearing bone of the body?

A

Tibia

89
Q

Fibula

A

Comprises the lateral portion of lower leg, and has no articulation with femur

90
Q

Ankle (tarsal) bones

A 
Tall- talus
Centers- calcaneus
Never- navicular- cuneiform
Take- third- cuneiform
Shots- second- cuneiform 
From- first
Corners- cuboid
91
Q

Structural classifications of bones

A
  1. Bony
  2. Fibrous
  3. Cartilaginous
  4. Synovial
92
Q

Functional classifications of bones

A
  1. Synarthrosis
  2. Amphiarthrosis
  3. Diarthrosis
93
Q

Synarthrosis

A
  1. No movement

Ex. Skull sutures

94
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Little movement
Ex. Pubic symphysis of pelvis
Cartilaginous joint that unites bodies
Of adjacent vertebrae

95
Q

Diarthrosis

A
  1. Full movement

Ex. Elbow, shoulder, ankle

96
Q

Synostosis

A
  1. No movement

Ex. Two frontal bones in skull

97
Q

Three subtypes of fibrous joints

A
  1. Sutures (immobile joints found between bones of skull)
  2. Gomphoses (ligaments of collagen fibers form joints between areolar process of mandibular or maxilla and root of teeth
  3. Syndesmoses ( long collagenous fiber joint between 2 bones)
98
Q

Types of synovial joints

A
  1. Uniaxial synovial joints
    • hinge joint
    • pivot joint
  2. Biaxial synovial joints
    • saddle joints
    • condylar joint
  3. Triplanar/multiaxial synovial joint
    • gliding/plane joint
  4. Ball and socket joint
99
Q

Uniaxial synovial joints

A

Movement permitted only on one plane

100
Q

Example of hinge joint

A

Elbow (consists of one convex surface that fits against another convex surface

101
Q

Pivot joint

A

Found between atlas and axis of cervical vertebrae (motion is limited to rotation on a single plane

102
Q

Biaxial synovial joints

A

Movement permitted in 2 directions/planes

103
Q

Saddle joints

A

Proximal thumb (concave in one direction and convex in the other)

104
Q

Condylar joint

A

Radius of forearm and some of the carpal bones in wrist (motion occurs in 2 planes at right angles to each other)

105
Q

Triplanar/multiaxial synovial joints

A

Movements permitted in 3 or more axis

106
Q

Gliding / plane joint

A

Joints between carpals of wrist (bone surfaces slightly concave or convex, mostly flat, show gliding movement)

107
Q

Ball and socket

A

Shoulder and hip joints (smooth hemispherical head of one bone fits into the cuplike socket of other bone)

108
Q

Structural characteristics of synovial joints

A
  1. Articular capsule
  2. Synovial membrane
  3. Articular cartilage
  4. Articular discs
  5. Tendon and ligaments
  6. Bursae
  7. Tendon sheaths
109
Q

What type of feedback loop maintains calcium homeostasis?

A

Negative feedback loop

110
Q

Levels of calcium in blood are maintained by 3 hormones

A
  1. Calcitriol
  2. Parathyroid hormone
  3. Calcitonin
111
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A
  1. Secreted by parathyroid gland
  2. Activates osteoclasts to promote bone resorption, inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts and calcium resorption from kidneys
112
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases levels of calcium in blood by inhibiting action of osteoclasts and activating osteoblasts for calcium deposition on bones

113
Q

Calcitriol

A

Increases concentration of calcium in blood by increasing its absorption in small intestines, kidneys and activating action of osteoclasts to liberate calcium and phosphate

114
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone disorder when bone resorption outpaces bone deposition, results in bone density decrease

115
Q

Osteoarthritis

A
  1. Degenerative joint disorder resulting from gradual loss of articular cartilage that provides cushion to the articulation bones at synovial joints
  2. Mostly affects knee and hip joints due to normal wear and tear
116
Q

3 main layers of skin

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
117
Q

Skin accessory glands

A
  1. Sweat glands
  2. Oil glands
  3. Hair
  4. Nails
118
Q

Functions of the skin

A
  1. Protection
  2. Manufacturing vitamin D
  3. Senses
  4. Thermoregulation
  5. Nonverbal communication
119
Q

Epidermis

A

Most superficial layer

120
Q

What are the 5 different cell types inside epidermis?

A 
Stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinocytes 
Melanocytes 
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
121
Q

Epidermis all layers from youngest to oldest and deepest to most superficial

A
  1. Stratum basalt (deepest layer)
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
  5. Stratum corneum (most superficial)
122
Q

What is the name for the big toe?

A

Hallux

BIO251 (1 decks)

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