Thinking & Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

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2
Q

Concept

A

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

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3
Q

Prototype

A

A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).

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4
Q

Algorithm

A

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier – but also more error-prone – use of heuristics.

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5
Q

Heuristic

A

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

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6
Q

Insight

A

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

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7
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.

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8
Q

Fixation

A

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.

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9
Q

Mental Set

A

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

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10
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

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11
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.

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12
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness,) we presume such events are common.

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13
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct – to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments.

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14
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

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15
Q

Belief Bias

A

The tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.

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16
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

17
Q

Language

A

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

18
Q

Phoneme

A

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

19
Q

Morpheme

A

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).

20
Q

Grammar

A

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

21
Q

Semantics

A

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.

22
Q

Syntax

A

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

23
Q

Babbling Stage

A

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

24
Q

One-Word Stage

A

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

25
Q

Two-Word Stage

A

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.

26
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram – ‘go car’ – using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.

27
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.