Thinking/cognition

Question 0

Concepts

Answer 0

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Question 2

Prototypes

Answer 2

Mental image or best example of a category

Question 3

Algorithm

Answer 3

Problem solving method

Question 4

Heuristics

Answer 4

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

Question 5

Insight

Answer 5

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. (All of a sudden the answer comes to you)

Question 6

Confirmation Bias

Answer 6

A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions.

Question 7

Fixation

Answer 7

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.

Question 8

Functional fixedness

Answer 8

Inability to solve a problem, because it is viewed only in terms of usual function (activity)

Question 9

Mental set

Answer 9

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Question 10

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 10

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information. (Example on 401-402

Question 11

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

Answer 11

Availability heuristic

Question 12

Overconfidence

Answer 12

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements

Question 13

Framing

Answer 13

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.

Question 14

Belief bias

Answer 14

The tendency for ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.

Question 15

Belief perseverance

Answer 15

Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Question 16

Language

Answer 16

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Question 17

Phoneme

Answer 17

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Question 18

Morpheme

Answer 18

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as prefix)

Question 19

Grammar

Answer 19

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

Question 20

Semantics

Answer 20

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

Question 21

Syntax

Answer 21

The rules for combining words, into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

Question 22

Babbling stage

Answer 22

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the house hold language

Question 23

One word stage

Answer 23

The stage in speech development, from about age 1-2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Question 24

Two word stage

Answer 24

Beginning about age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two words statements

Question 25

Telegraphic speech

Answer 25

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram– “go car”- using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.

Question 26

Noam Chomsky

Answer 26

Language comes naturally

Question 27

Linguistic determinism

Answer 27

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think