Thinking and Language Flashcards
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
algorithm
a phenomenon in which people predict the frequency of an event or a proportion within a population, based on how easy an example can be brought to mind
Availability heuristic
beginning at 4 months, the infant spontaneously utters various sounds
babbling stage
the tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence
Belief perseverance
He believed that we are born with the hardware and an operating system for language
Noam Chomsky
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
cognition
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
concepts
a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s perceptions
Confirmation bias
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving
Fixation
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
Functional fixedness
the system of rules in a language that enable us to communicate with and understand others
Grammar
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; (aha! moment)
insight
our spoken, written, or gestured work, is the way that we communicate meaning to ourselves and others
language
a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
mental set
the smallest unit that carries a meaning, it may be a word of part of a word
Morphemes
beginning at or around his first birthday, a child starts to speak and is able to make family members understand him
One-word stage
the smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language
Phonemes
a mental image or best example of a category.
Prototype
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information
Representativeness heuristic
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, or sentences
Semantics
He believed that language development may be explained on the basis of learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement
B.F. Skinner
consists of the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
Syntax
Kind of speech a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words
Telegraphic speech
before the 2nd year a child starts to speak in telegraphic speech
Two-word stage
He suggested that language determines the way we think
Benjamin Whorf
