Thinking and Language

Question 1

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Answer 1

algorithm

Question 2

a phenomenon in which people predict the frequency of an event or a proportion within a population, based on how easy an example can be brought to mind

Answer 2

Availability heuristic

Question 3

beginning at 4 months, the infant spontaneously utters various sounds

Answer 3

babbling stage

Question 4

the tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

Answer 4

Belief perseverance

Question 5

He believed that we are born with the hardware and an operating system for language

Answer 5

Noam Chomsky

Question 6

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 6

cognition

Question 7

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people

Answer 7

concepts

Question 8

a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s perceptions

Answer 8

Confirmation bias

Question 9

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving

Answer 9

Fixation

Question 10

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

Answer 10

Functional fixedness

Question 11

the system of rules in a language that enable us to communicate with and understand others

Answer 11

Grammar

Question 12

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; (aha! moment)

Answer 12

insight

Question 13

our spoken, written, or gestured work, is the way that we communicate meaning to ourselves and others

Answer 13

language

Question 14

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Answer 14

mental set

Question 15

the smallest unit that carries a meaning, it may be a word of part of a word

Answer 15

Morphemes

Question 16

beginning at or around his first birthday, a child starts to speak and is able to make family members understand him

Answer 16

One-word stage

Question 17

the smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language

Answer 17

Phonemes

Question 18

a mental image or best example of a category.

Answer 18

Prototype

Question 19

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information

Answer 19

Representativeness heuristic

Question 20

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, or sentences

Answer 20

Semantics

Question 21

He believed that language development may be explained on the basis of learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement

Answer 21

B.F. Skinner

Question 22

consists of the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

Answer 22

Syntax

Question 23

Kind of speech a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words

Answer 23

Telegraphic speech

Question 24

before the 2nd year a child starts to speak in telegraphic speech

Answer 24

Two-word stage

Question 25

He suggested that language determines the way we think

Answer 25

Benjamin Whorf