Thinking Flashcards
Analogue
When something means exactly what it means.
Hierarchical Process of Problem solving?
- Interpret/frame and understand the problem
- Generate hypothesis and possible solutions
- Test solutions/hypotheses; seeking to disprove them
- Evaluate results, and if necessary, repeat 1 2 or 3
Framing
The idea that the same problem, information or options can be represented in different ways
Mental Set
The tendency to stick to solutions that have worked in the past
Problem-solving schemas
Mental blueprints or step-by-step scripts for selecting information and solving specialised classes of problems
Algorithms
Formulas or procedures that automatically generate correct solutions
Heuristics
General problem-solving strategies that we apply to certain classes of situations
Means-end analysis
Identify differences between the present situation and the desired state, or goal, and then make changes to reduce these differences
Subgoal analysis
Formulating subgoals, or intermediate steps, towards a solution
Representativeness heuristic
How closely something or someone fits our prototype for a particular concept, or class, and therefore how likely it is to be a member of that class.
The Availability Heuristic
Judgements based upon availability of information in memory
Confirmation Bias
Looking for information to confirm their hypothesis instead of looking for evidence to disconfirm it
Overconfidence
The tendency to overestimate one’s correctness in factual knowledge, beliefs and decisions
Creativity
The ability to produce something that is both new and valuable
Divergent thinking
The generation of novel ideas that depart from the norm
Functional Fixedness
The tendency to be so fixed in perception of the proper function of an object or procedure that they are blinded to new ways of using it
Incubation
The process of working at a problem on a subconscious level
Schema
Organised pattern of thought about some aspect of the world
Mental Representations
Images, ideas, concepts and principles
Script
Mental framework of events that usually unfold in a regular, standardised order
Wisdom
A system of knowledge about the meaning and conduct of life
Mental image
Representation of stimulus that exists in the brain, as opposed to an external stimulus
Metacognition
Awareness and understanding of your own cognitive abilities
Metacomprehension
Awareness of how well you understand material
Metamemory
Awareness of memory abilities
