Thinkers beliefs and buildings Flashcards
A glimpse of sanchi
Bhopal, sanchi kanakhera
19th ce Europeans stupa at anchi
shahjehan begum
eastern gateway
French and Englishmen
plaster cast copies
rulers of Bhopal
sultan jehan begum
John marshall volumes to sultan
preservation, Museum , guest house and publication of volumes by john
Introduction
600 bce to 600 ce
philosophers
oral and written texts
Buddhism
buddhist , Jaina and Brahminical texts
monuments
stupa at sanchi
The Background : Sacrifices and Debate
Agni -God of fire - sacrificial fire
vedic Sanskrit
mid first milinium bce
Zarathustra (Iran)
Kong Zi (China
Socrates , plato and Aristotle (Greek)
Mahavira and gautama buddha
relationship between human beings and cosmic order
new kingdoms and social and economic life was changing
sacrificial tradition
early vedic tradition
Rigveda
1500 and 1000 bce
agni indra soma
chanted during sacrifices
collectively performed
later (c 1000 500 bce)
head of house holds
well being of domestic unit
Rajasuya and Ashvamedha
New questions
Upanshids (6th ce)
meaning of life
possibility of life after death
rebirth
nature of ultimate reality
whether or not there was a single ultimate reality
spectulation on sacrifices
Debates and discussions
64 sects or schools of thought
laypersons
kutagarashala
deciples
Mahavira and buddha questioned authority f vedas
individual agency
liberation from trials and tribulations of world
Brahminical position
Chandogya upanshid in Sanskrit
preparation and preservation of buddhsit texts
taught orally
discussion and debate
men and women (Children)
no speech written during buddhas life
5-4th bce death of buddha
compiled by disciples at council of elders
vesali (pali for Vaishali present day bihar)
Tipitaka
three baskets different texts
Vinaya pitaka
rules and regulations sangha or monastic order
Sutta Pitaka
Teachings of buddha
Abhidhamma pitaka
philosophical matters
number of individual texts
dipavamsa (Chronical of the island)
Mahavamsa (The great chronical)
regional history of Buddhism
pali and Sanskrit
fa zian and xuan zang
pali Sanskrit Chinese and tibetian
ruler of magadh , ajatasattu
samsara
ajita kesakambalin
four elements
ajvikas
fatalists(Makkhai ghosla)
lokyatas
materialists( Ajita kesakambalin)
Beyond worldly pleasures the message of Mahavira
Vardhamana
23 other teachers preceded him
Tirthankars
guide across river of existence
world animated
every thing has life
no injury to living beings
central jain philosophy
principle of ahimsa
cycle of birth and rebirth shaped through karma
Asceticism and penance
free ones self from karma
renouncing the world
monastic existence
5 vows:
killing, stealing lying observinf celibacy and possessing property
Prakrit text uttaradhyayana sutta
kamlavati
The spread of Jainism
buddhist Jaina scholars
Prakrit sankrit and tamil
devotees of Jaina tirthankaras
The buddha and the quest of enlightenment
Buddha
central asia: China , korea , Japan ,sri lanka Myanmar and Thailand
Hagiographies
siddhartha
son of chief of the sakya clan
sheltered upbringing
old man, sick man and corpse
homeless mendicant
The elightened one
dhamma or path of righteous living
Teachings of buddha
sutta pitaka
miraculous powers
reason and persuausion
Buddhist philosophy
world is
Transient (Annica) constantly changing
soulless (anatta) nothing permanent or eternal in it
within transient world sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic
path of moderation
severe penance and self indulgence
rie above worldy troubles
god existed or not irrelevant
sigala samanas
social world creation of human
kings and gahapatis
humane and ethical
individual effort
individual agency and righteous action
nibbana (Extinguishing ego and desire)
followers of the buddha
sangha (Organisation of monks)
teachers of dhamma
essential requisits
bowl and lived on alms
bhikkhus
Ananda
mahapajapati gotami
bhikkuni
sangha -> teachers of dhamma
theris
social groups
kings, wealthy gahapatis workers slaves crafts people
sangha -> regarded as equal
ganas and sanghas
consensus through discussion
if failed vote on subject
The therigatha
Punna
Bhikkunis
Vinaya pitaka
new felt(rug) kept for 6 years
if less years taken then an new bought regardes of disposing the first authorisation of bhikkus forfeited
2-3 bowlfuls confessed
share among other bhikkus
bedding lodging sangha
set it out
neither putting it away or have it put away
and leave - confessed
dissatiffciation with existing religion
conduct and values
rather than superiority based on birth
metta(Fellow feeling)
karuna (Karuna)
young and weak
Stupas
Chaitya
process of dialogue
sacred places
several chaityas
places associated with buddhas life
Born (Lumbini)
Enlightenment (Bodhgaya)
First sermon (Sarnath)
Nibbana (Kusinagara)
each sacred
200 years after buddha
asoka erected pillar at Lumbini to mark
why were stupas built
Mahaparinibba sutta (part of sutta pitaka)
Tathagata (Buddha)
Ananda
Thupa
other sacred places too
relics bodily remains and objects used by him buried there
mounds known as stupas
sutpas maybe pre Buddhists
came in associations to buddha
emblem of buddha and buddhism
buddhist text ashokavadana
asoka distributed parts of buddhas relics
to every important tonw and stupa built over them
bharut sanchi Sarnath built by 2nd ce bce
how were stupas built
Inscription
railings and pillars
record donations
building and decorating
satavahanas
guilds (Ivory workers)
part of gate at sanchi
100 donations by men and women
names place occupation relatives
bhikkus and bhikkunis
the structure of the stupa
Stupa (heap)
simple semi circular mound
anda
round and square shapes
above anda harmika
balcony like structure
abode of gods
mast arising
yashti
surmounted by chhatri
around mund was railing
seperating sacred place from secular world
sanchi and bharut
stone railing (bamboo or wooden fence)
4 cardinal points
entry eastern get
clockwise movement
mound on the right
imitating suns course through sky
niches and sculptures
Amravati and shah ji ki dheri. in peshawar
Discovering stupas the fate of Amravati and sanchi
1796
local raja
stupa of Amravati
use stone
buried tressure assumption
colin Mackenzie visited the site
1854 walter Elliot
commisoner of Guntur A.P
sculpture panels to madras
Elliot marbels
western gateway
largest and magnificent
slabs form stupa taken ti different places
1850s, Asiatic society of Bengal culcutta
Indian office in madras and London
sculpture in British garden
not unsual
new official removed sculpture
h.h cole plaster cast facsimiles
situ preservation
case of anchi
value of finds
preserve things
1818 sacnhi discovered
three of 4 gateways standing
good ocndintion of third
mahachaitya
former glory
Sculpture
stories in stone
charanachitras
vessantra jataka
symbols of worship
buddha
enlightenment under tree meditating
symbol as buddha
empty seat
meditation of buddha
stupa
mahaparinibbana
wheel
first sermon of buddha at Sarnath
tree : an event in the life of buddha
popular tradition
shalabhanjika
women swinging from edge of gate way
touch cause trees flowere and bear fruit
pre buddhist and non buddhist beliefs
animal depictions
elephants horses monkeys and cattle
jatakas
elephants strength and wisdom
paintings from the past
Ajanta
techniques of shading
three dimenstional quality
naturalistic
women surrounded by lotuses and elephants
abhisheka or consecration
maya mother of buddha\
popular goddess gajalakhsmi goddes of fortune
associated with elephants
maya and gajalakhsmi
james fergusson
sanchi centre if tree and serpent worship
New religious traditions
the development of Mahayana Buddhism
1st ce
change in buddhist practicesearly practices : Self effort in achieving nibbana
buddha enlightened and nibbana attained self effort
saviour
ensure salvation
bodhisatta
help others not abandon others and attain nibbana
woship of buddha and bodhisattas images
Mahayana (Greater vehicle)
hinayna (lesser vehicles)
Theravadins
thera
the growth of puranic Hinduism
saviour not unique
Hinduism
Vaishnavism (Vishnu worshipped)
Shaivism (Shiva chief god)
chosen diety
bond
devotee and god
love devotion bhakti
vaishanvism
cults
various avatars or incarnations
10 avatars
save the world threatened by disorder or destruction
different avatar different parts of country
each local diety as Vishnu
unified religious tradition
sculptures
linga shiva
human form too
dresses and oornamnets and ayudhas
puranas
middle of 1st millinium ce
Sanskrit verse
women and shudras
vedic learning
interaction caused evolution
Vasudeva krishna mathura
Building temples
temple
house images of god and goddesses
early temple
square room
garbhagira
single door way
shikhara
central shrine
temple walls
sculpture
halls huge walls gateways
supply of water
hollowed out of huge rocks as artificial caves
3rd ce bce
ajvika sect
8th ce kailashnatha (Name of shiva)
Can we see everything?
Grappling with the unfamiliar
if text and image do not match.
