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FunMed Cell Biology > Things you need to improve on > Flashcards

Things you need to improve on Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what type of molecules are used in biologics

A
  • monoclonal antibodies
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2
Q

which cell protrusions are used for amoeboid movement

A

pseudopodia

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3
Q

Which cell protrusions are used to pull cell forward?

A

LAMELIPODIA

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4
Q

From what cytoskeletal filaments are pseudopodia, lamellipodia and filopodia made?

A

actin filaments

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5
Q

what is the cause of asymmetric division of stem cells

A

STEM CELL DIVIDING AND SEGEGRATING THE DUAGHTER CELL OUTSIDE THE STEM CELL NICHE MEANING IT RECIEVES DIFERNET SIGNALS WHICH CAUSE DIFFERNTIATION

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6
Q

what is senescence and what is its significance

A

Senescence is the point where the cell cycle is halted casuign cell divison to stop stops the proliferation of the cells, which may have genetic damage
- Same factors as apoptosis

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7
Q

what is apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death that is carefully orchestrated by phagocytes, they absorb the cell contents and prevent inflammation from happening HYDROLYSIS OF ORGANELLES

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8
Q

what are the extrinsic and intricate causes of apoptosis and what caspases are activated in each

A

EXTRICSCT DEATH RECEPOTR BINDING TO DEATH LIGAND – COVERTS PROCASPASE 8 TO PROCAPSASE 9
INTRISCT – HYPOXIA,S TRESS – RELEASE OF CYTOCHROME FORM MITOCHODNRIA – COVERTS PROCASPASES 0 TO CASPASE 9

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9
Q

what caspases that are responsible for execution of apoptosis

A

3 6 7

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10
Q

why does necrosis cause inflammation

A

REUSLTS IN ITNRACELLULAR PROTEINS BEING EXPOSED TO THE ANTIGEN RECEPOTRS ON MAST CELLS WHICH RESULTS IN SECRETION OF HISTAMINE AND PROSTAGLADINS

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11
Q

why is ECM vital for cell migration

A

has fibrous proteins that line migration pathways telling the cell where they have to go

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12
Q

where is laminin found

A

Basal plasma memrbanes connectis it to basement memrbanes

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13
Q

what is the functioning of molecular switches

A
  • Regulatory swtich
  • Phosphorylated turns it on
  • Unphosphorylated turns it off
  • Switches proteins on and off
  • PROTIEN KINASES ADD THE PHOSPHATE ON
  • PHOSPHOTASE REMOVES THE PHOSPHATE GROUP OFF
  • This saves energy
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14
Q

Which intracellular receptors are located in cytoplasm and enter the nucleus when the ligand binds?

A

TYPE 1 intracellular receptors

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15
Q

Which intracellular receptors stay bound to DNA even in absence of ligand?

A

Type 2 intracellular recepotrs

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16
Q

Which muscarinic receptors are found in heart?

A

Acteylcholien muscarinic receptors

Beta 1 receptors

17
Q

What is Michaelis constant?

A

Km = Vmax/2

18
Q

Give example of each:

a. reversible competitive inhibitor
b. irreversible competitive inhibitor
c. non-competitive inhibitor

A

a. malonate
b. sarin, pencillin, cyanide
c. potassium cyanide

19
Q

What is isoenzyme? Give example.

A

An isoenzyme is an enzyme that has the same function in different tissues but is the same form.

  • Have differne gene products
  • Have different kinetics
  • For example in msucles and heart, subunits differ
  • Lactate dehydrogase in the blood can suggest tissue dmagae and anaylisign the structure will idneitfy the origin of damage
20
Q

What is the one structure lacking the phospholipid bilayer?

A

fat droplet

21
Q

what is a lipid raft made from

A

Sphingolipids and cholesterol
Groupigns of proteins with similar functions, associate in areas with high density of sphinoglipids and because cholesterol prefers to associate with sphingolipids there is a high concentration of cholesterol recruited to that area

22
Q

Why are FA in triglycerides more efficient store of energy than glycogen?

A

They are more denely pakced so can store more fatty acids in the same volume, they contain long alkyl chains and therefore there are lots of acyl groups which can be metbaoised directly into the TCA cycle by CoA without having to do the link reaction and glycolysis

23
Q

What is NANA and where is it found?

A

It is sialic aicd and it is found bound to the GM1 gangoloside

24
Q

What is the significance of GM1 ganglioside?

A

Receptor for the vibrio cholerae toxin

25
Q

what is a liposome

A

molecule made completely out of lipids used to test the chemical nature and structure of lipids
ball forms due to the hydrophobic effect, expoed to the water wanteing to associate with other hydrophobic regions

26
Q

how do statins work

A

Competivie inhibitor of HMG-CoA – enzyme is used to produce choletstrol and therefore statins is effective at reducing LDL

27
Q

what type of molecule is heparin, how does it work

A

Antiplatelet drug – olgigasaccahre

  • Can be sulphated to produce heparan sulphate
  • Blcosk the coagulation pathway at thrombin and factor x
  • Precursor to antithrombin III
28
Q

What type of molecule are blood group antigens?

A

Oligosacchardies

29
Q

how can ATP be used to produce heat

A

Used by muscles to produce heat, ATP can also be used to actively pump H+ ions into a space where they diffuse across a protein called thermogenin which uses the energy from chemiosmosis to produce heat, this is in brown adipose tissue

30
Q

How is proton motive force produced?

A
  • Energy from the ETC in the cristae of the mitochondria is used to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space
  • Produces a concentration gradiet
  • The impermeability of the inner membrane to hydrogen ions except at certain proteins such as F0 and F1 ATP synthase
  • When the hydrogen ions diffuse across ATP synthase producing the PMF when ATP synthase protein spins
31
Q

Why is ATP important for motility?

A

It is lysed in the myosin heads breaking the crosslink and resetting the head allowing for the next contraction

32
Q

What is the pathophysiology of familial hypercholesterolaemia?

A

FH caused by a mutation that deletes clathrin interaction domains preventing uptake of LDLs from the blood this means there is a higher concentration of LDL in the blood which leads to higher risk of aatherosclerosis and CHD

33
Q

what causes Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Insert larger amino acid than glyciene causes the chain to become bulkier collagen type I, therefore triple helix does not bind as well and this causes the collagen to be looser

FunMed Cell Biology (5 decks)

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