Things you need to improve on Flashcards
what type of molecules are used in biologics
- monoclonal antibodies
which cell protrusions are used for amoeboid movement
pseudopodia
Which cell protrusions are used to pull cell forward?
LAMELIPODIA
From what cytoskeletal filaments are pseudopodia, lamellipodia and filopodia made?
actin filaments
what is the cause of asymmetric division of stem cells
STEM CELL DIVIDING AND SEGEGRATING THE DUAGHTER CELL OUTSIDE THE STEM CELL NICHE MEANING IT RECIEVES DIFERNET SIGNALS WHICH CAUSE DIFFERNTIATION
what is senescence and what is its significance
Senescence is the point where the cell cycle is halted casuign cell divison to stop stops the proliferation of the cells, which may have genetic damage
- Same factors as apoptosis
what is apoptosis
Programmed cell death that is carefully orchestrated by phagocytes, they absorb the cell contents and prevent inflammation from happening HYDROLYSIS OF ORGANELLES
what are the extrinsic and intricate causes of apoptosis and what caspases are activated in each
EXTRICSCT DEATH RECEPOTR BINDING TO DEATH LIGAND – COVERTS PROCASPASE 8 TO PROCAPSASE 9
INTRISCT – HYPOXIA,S TRESS – RELEASE OF CYTOCHROME FORM MITOCHODNRIA – COVERTS PROCASPASES 0 TO CASPASE 9
what caspases that are responsible for execution of apoptosis
3 6 7
why does necrosis cause inflammation
REUSLTS IN ITNRACELLULAR PROTEINS BEING EXPOSED TO THE ANTIGEN RECEPOTRS ON MAST CELLS WHICH RESULTS IN SECRETION OF HISTAMINE AND PROSTAGLADINS
why is ECM vital for cell migration
has fibrous proteins that line migration pathways telling the cell where they have to go
where is laminin found
Basal plasma memrbanes connectis it to basement memrbanes
what is the functioning of molecular switches
- Regulatory swtich
- Phosphorylated turns it on
- Unphosphorylated turns it off
- Switches proteins on and off
- PROTIEN KINASES ADD THE PHOSPHATE ON
- PHOSPHOTASE REMOVES THE PHOSPHATE GROUP OFF
- This saves energy
Which intracellular receptors are located in cytoplasm and enter the nucleus when the ligand binds?
TYPE 1 intracellular receptors
Which intracellular receptors stay bound to DNA even in absence of ligand?
Type 2 intracellular recepotrs
Which muscarinic receptors are found in heart?
Acteylcholien muscarinic receptors
Beta 1 receptors
What is Michaelis constant?
Km = Vmax/2
Give example of each:
a. reversible competitive inhibitor
b. irreversible competitive inhibitor
c. non-competitive inhibitor
a. malonate
b. sarin, pencillin, cyanide
c. potassium cyanide
What is isoenzyme? Give example.
An isoenzyme is an enzyme that has the same function in different tissues but is the same form.
- Have differne gene products
- Have different kinetics
- For example in msucles and heart, subunits differ
- Lactate dehydrogase in the blood can suggest tissue dmagae and anaylisign the structure will idneitfy the origin of damage
What is the one structure lacking the phospholipid bilayer?
fat droplet
what is a lipid raft made from
Sphingolipids and cholesterol
Groupigns of proteins with similar functions, associate in areas with high density of sphinoglipids and because cholesterol prefers to associate with sphingolipids there is a high concentration of cholesterol recruited to that area
Why are FA in triglycerides more efficient store of energy than glycogen?
They are more denely pakced so can store more fatty acids in the same volume, they contain long alkyl chains and therefore there are lots of acyl groups which can be metbaoised directly into the TCA cycle by CoA without having to do the link reaction and glycolysis
What is NANA and where is it found?
It is sialic aicd and it is found bound to the GM1 gangoloside
What is the significance of GM1 ganglioside?
Receptor for the vibrio cholerae toxin
what is a liposome
molecule made completely out of lipids used to test the chemical nature and structure of lipids
ball forms due to the hydrophobic effect, expoed to the water wanteing to associate with other hydrophobic regions
how do statins work
Competivie inhibitor of HMG-CoA – enzyme is used to produce choletstrol and therefore statins is effective at reducing LDL
what type of molecule is heparin, how does it work
Antiplatelet drug – olgigasaccahre
- Can be sulphated to produce heparan sulphate
- Blcosk the coagulation pathway at thrombin and factor x
- Precursor to antithrombin III
What type of molecule are blood group antigens?
Oligosacchardies
how can ATP be used to produce heat
Used by muscles to produce heat, ATP can also be used to actively pump H+ ions into a space where they diffuse across a protein called thermogenin which uses the energy from chemiosmosis to produce heat, this is in brown adipose tissue
How is proton motive force produced?
- Energy from the ETC in the cristae of the mitochondria is used to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space
- Produces a concentration gradiet
- The impermeability of the inner membrane to hydrogen ions except at certain proteins such as F0 and F1 ATP synthase
- When the hydrogen ions diffuse across ATP synthase producing the PMF when ATP synthase protein spins
Why is ATP important for motility?
It is lysed in the myosin heads breaking the crosslink and resetting the head allowing for the next contraction
What is the pathophysiology of familial hypercholesterolaemia?
FH caused by a mutation that deletes clathrin interaction domains preventing uptake of LDLs from the blood this means there is a higher concentration of LDL in the blood which leads to higher risk of aatherosclerosis and CHD
what causes Osteogenesis imperfecta
Insert larger amino acid than glyciene causes the chain to become bulkier collagen type I, therefore triple helix does not bind as well and this causes the collagen to be looser
