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BioMed > Things to memorize for BioMed Midterm > Flashcards

Things to memorize for BioMed Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Lactobacillus species and Candida albicans importance

A

Lactobacillus maintains low pH of vagina and absence of this can have overgrowth of Candida albicans (yeast infection)

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2
Q

Erythema migrans

A

Causes lyme disease

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3
Q

Bacteremia

A

Chills, fever, cardiovascular instability

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4
Q

Gram stain

A

Crystal violet, iodine (fixer/mordant), acetone (decolorize), safranin

Gram positive (purple)- CV stains thick peptidoglycan wall
Gram negative (pink)- CV washed out and stained pink with safranin

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5
Q

Acid-fast stain

A

Acid fast organisms like Mycobacterium contain large amount of mycolic acids within their cell walls (Fatty Acids)
Carbolfuschin (stains acid fast organism pink/red), heat fix, acid alcohol (decolorize), methylene blue (stains non acid fast organism blue)
Acid fast= pink/red

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6
Q

Indica Ink

A

Useful in detecting microbes with capsule
Cryptococcus is identified by their large, transparent capsules that displace the India ink particles
Does not stain the organism, stains the background- negative stain

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7
Q

Potassium Hydroxide Preparation

A

Treatment with KOH dissolves host cells and bacteria, sparing fungi
Fungi are recognized under the microscope by their filamentous (hyphae) or round (oval) structures

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8
Q

Penicillin and Cephalosporins

A

inhibit the enzymes responsible for transpeptidation and other enzymatic reactions necessary for the final 3D structure of rigid microbial cell wall

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9
Q

Polymixins - Neomycin and Bacitracin

A

Alteration of cytoplasmic membrane integrity
Cationic surface membrane action to displace Mg and Ca from
membrane lipids thus allowing for loss of vital intracellular proteins and nucleic acids

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10
Q

Erythromycin and Clindamycin and Tetracycline

A

Erythromycin: bind to 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit peptidyl
transferase
Clindamycin: bind to 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit RNA-dependent protein synthesis
Tetracycline: binds 30S ribosomal subunit to inhibit binding of
tRNA to mRNA

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11
Q

Metronidazole and Quinolones

A

Metronidazole: microbial reduction of 5’ nitro group by nitroreductase to cell toxic metabolites that damage the DNA and therefore interfere with DNA synthesis

Quinolones: inhibit DNA supercoiling by DNA gyrase -abnormal DNA growth

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12
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Sulfonamides: block the conversion of PABA to dihydrofolic acid

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13
Q

10 Nutrients required for bacterial growth

A

Cytoplasm: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Nucleic acids and amino acids: sulfur, phosphorous
Proteins and cofactors of enzymes: potassium, magnesium,
calcium and iron

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14
Q

Fermentation pathway end products

A

i. Lactic acid: lactobacillus, E. faecalis
ii. Ethanol: yeasts
iii. Butyric acid: clostridium, eubacterium, fusobacterium
iv. Mixed acid: e.coli, salmonella
v. Proprionic acid: peptostreptococcus, porphoramonas, prevetella
vi. Formic acid: esterobacter, pseudomonas

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15
Q

Conjugation, Transduction, Transformation

A

Conjugation - Cell to cell contact with F pilus
Transduction - transfer of gene via phage vector without cell to cell contact
Transformation - Transfer by naked DNA floating after lysis

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16
Q

Griffith’s transformation experiment

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Griffith):
have capsules  SMOOTH mucoid colonies (lethal) vs mutants without capsules ROUGH (nonlethal)
(Transformation)

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17
Q

Diseases caused by staphylococcus aureus

A

Impetigo
Cellulitis
Folliculitis
Furuncle
Carbuncle
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) - Exotoxin TSST-1
Gastroenteritis - Food poisoning
Scalded Skin Syndrome - Exfoliative toxin A and B

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18
Q

Streptococcus species flow chart

A

a and gamma hemolytic:
S. pneumonia - optochin sensitive and bile soluble
Viridans group (MMSS) - Optochin resistant and bile insoluble
B hemolytic group:
A (s pyogenes) - bacitracin sensitive
B (s agalactiae) - bacitracin resistant

19
Q

Viridans Streptococcus importance

A

S. mutans, s. mitis, s. salivarius, s. sanguinis
Common cause of SBE (subacute bacterial endocarditis)
Trigged by oral trauma or surgery- tooth extraction, etc.

20
Q

Phospholipid facing outside vs inside

A

Surface facing the cytoplasm: phosphatidylethanolamine and
phosphatidylserine
Outward facing surface: phosphatidylcholine

21
Q

Cell-Cell adhesion molecules

A

Cadherins: Ca-dependent adhesion
N-CAM: Ca-Independent cell adhesion molecules - immunoglobulin family

22
Q

Na/K Pump can be blocked by?

A

Cardiac glycoides - ouabain and digoxin

23
Q

CDK Inhibitors

A

i. INK4 proteins (inhibitors of CDK4)  affect CDK4/6
1. P16, p15, p18, p19
ii. Cip/kip proteins  affect CDK1/2
1. P21, p27, p57
iii. These proteins are tumor suppressor proteins- halt the cell cycle, but in cancer, these cells are mutated so cancer continues to grow
iv. Mitogens: inhibit CDK inhibitors, cell cycle continues
v. TGF-B: activated CDK inhibitors, cell cycle halts

24
Q

Important things about TMJ

A

i. Heavy loading induces fibrocartilage at three levels: glenoid fossa, TMJ disc, subarticular condyle
ii. Mandibular condyle is covered with articular periosteum (no other joint has periosteum on articulating surface)
iii. Only joint capable of structural adaptation and regeneration over a lifetime

25
Q

Action of colchicine

A

anti-mitotic agent; binds to tubulin, prevents its addition to the (+) end, depolarization occurs at the (-) end

26
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

Intermediate between fibroblast and smooth muscle cells
i. Abundant in wound repair- cause wound contraction
ii. Found in PDL- might be responsible for tooth eruption

27
Q

Mononuclear Phagocytic system examples and locations

A
  1. Kupffer cells- liver
  2. Microglial cells- CNS
  3. Langerhans cells- skin
  4. Dust cells/alveolar macrophages- lungs
  5. Osteoclasts- bone
  6. Microglia- brain
28
Q

Types of Leukocytes and their role

A

i. Neutrophils: phagocytose bacteria
ii. Eosinophils: combat parasites, moderate allergic reaction
iii. Basophils: initiate, maintain and control inflammation processes
iv. Lymphocytes: found at site of chronic inflammation
v. Monocyte/ macrophages/ dendritic cells

28
Q

Types of Leukocytes and their role

A

i. Neutrophils: phagocytose bacteria
ii. Eosinophils: combat parasites, moderate allergic reaction
iii. Basophils: initiate, maintain and control inflammation processes
iv. Lymphocytes: found at site of chronic inflammation
v. Monocyte/ macrophages/ dendritic cells

29
Q

Non-encapsulated nerve endings

A
  1. Tactile Discs - Associated with merkel cells for light touch
  2. Free nerve endings - Pain, temperature, itching, light touch (Has A-Delta and C fibers)
  3. Root hair plexus - At base of hair follicle and detects hair movement
30
Q

Glial cells and their functions

A

Astrocytes: “star”-shaped cells that form the blood-brain barrier that are characterized by their long branching processes (most abundant glial cell in all of CNS)
Fibrous astrocytes: more common in white matter
Protoplasmic astrocytes: more abundant in gray matter
Ependymal cells: secrete, circulate, and reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid (line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord) originate from the blood plasma

CNS - White inside
PNS - White outside

31
Q

Function of lung cells

A
  1. Goblet - secrete mucus
  2. Club - Secrete surfactant
  3. Cemosensory brush cells - DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine system) small granule cell
  4. Type 1 pneumocyte/alveolar cells - remove surfactant and small particulate contaminants partly through pinocytosis. Contains simple squamous cells which are thin and thus good for diffusion
  5. Type II pneumocyte - contain lamellar bodies containing lipids, phospholipids and proteins that make up pulmonary surfactant. Simple cuboidal
  6. Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) - immune cells present in both the alveoli and in the interalveolar septa
32
Q

Respiratory airways

A

Look at picture on kenton study guide pg 13

33
Q

2 Cells in olfactory epithelium and their functions

A

1.SUpporting cells - Produce odorant-binding proteins that capture odor molecules and make available to receptors on olfactory neuron cilia
2. Basal cells - Act as stem cells to replace the other 2 types of cells

34
Q

Important Facts of nasopharynx

A

Location of pharyngeal and tubal tonsils
Communicates with the nasal cavities via choanae, with the tympanic cavities (middle ear) via pharyngotympanic tubes

35
Q

Important facts of larynx

A

Link between pharynx and trachea
-Cartilage:
Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid are hyaline
Cuneiform, corniculate, and epiglottic are elastic
- Vestibular folds:
Covered with respiratory epithelium
Lamina propria contains seromucous glands
-Vocal Folds
Covered with stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propia has no glands

36
Q

As bronchi decrease in diameter, what increase and what decreases?

A

-Decrease:
Amount in cartilage
Number of glands
Number of goblet cells
Height of epithelial cells
-Increase:
Relative amounts smooth muscle
Relative amounts of elastic tissue

37
Q

What is pleural reflections?

A

Pleura reflects from one surface to another (transitions from one pleura to another)

38
Q

Types of Recesses and when lung moves into them

A

Costadiaphragmatic and costomediastinal
Lung moves into these recesses only during DEEP inspiration

39
Q

Nernst potential equation

A

EMF = +/- 61 log (C1/C2)

40
Q

Types of test

A

-Gram stain - CIAS
Gram + is crystal violet (purple)
Gram - is safranin stain (pink/red)
-Acid fast - FA in cell wall; positive is pink/red
-India ink - capsule; stain background
-KOH - fungi; dissolve host/bacteria and leave fungi
-Catalase test - differentiates staph (+ test) from strep (- test) and forms bubbles
-Coagulase test - staph aureus (+ test) from other staph; forms clot
-Oxidase test: gram - aeruginosa (+ test) from entero (- test) and forms dark purple product
-Urease test: differentiates types of gram - entero; tests ammonia through pH
-Quelling rxn - makes capsule visible
-Agglutination test - latex beads with antibodies or antigens – if + then agglutination occurs
-Complement fixation: checks patient’s antibodies by washing with antigen + complement; + if solution is clear and - if RBCs lyse (causing pink solution)
-ELISA - antigen washed with antibody+E and tested with substrate (Direct, Indirect, Capture assay)
-Disk- diffusion – tests susceptibility to antibiotics. disks with antibiotics; zone of inhibition cause if there is sensitivity to drug
-MIC (minimal inhibitory test): diluted antibiotics test what strength needed to inhibit growth

41
Q

Most common infection of group A (S. pyrogenes)

A

Pharyngitis
Others: Cellulitis, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis, erysipelas, scarlet fever

42
Q

Virulence factors of streptococcus species

A

-Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A and C- erythrogenic toxin
Responsible for scarlet fever
-M protein
Needed for infection to occur
Antiphagocytic
Anti-complement binds
-Streptodornase
Depolymerize DNA in pus
-Hyaluronidase
Breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue making the tissue more permeability
-Lipoteichoic acid
Facilitates adherence to epithelial cells

BioMed (2 decks)

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