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Chemistry iGCSE > things to learn > Flashcards

things to learn Flashcards

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1
Q

list the fractions in crude oil and uses

A
  1. refinery gases - cooking fuel
  2. gasoline - car fuel
  3. naphtha - making plastics
  4. kerosene - aircraft fuel
  5. diesel - truck fuel
  6. bitumen - roads
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2
Q

list alkanes and their formula

A 
methane CH4
ethane C2H6
propane C3H8
butane C4H10
pentane C5H12
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3
Q

list alkenes and their formula

A

ethene C2H4
propene C3H6
butene C4H8
pentene C5H10

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4
Q

metal carbonates + heat =

calcium carbonate =

A

= metal oxide + carbon dioxide

calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

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5
Q

element + oxygen =

zinc + oxygen =

A

element oxide

zinc oxide

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6
Q

what is reduction and oxidisation

A 
Oxidation
Is
Loss of something 
Reduction 
Is
Gain of something
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7
Q

acid + metal carbonate =

HCL + copper carbonate

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

copper chloride + water + CO2

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8
Q

metal + acid =

magnesium + HCL =

A

salt + hydrogen

magnesium chloride + hydrogen

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9
Q

list the reactivity series

A 
K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
(C)
Zn 
Fe
Sn 
Pb
(H)
Cu
Ag
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10
Q

metal + water =

aluminium + water =

A

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

aluminium hydroxide + hydrogen

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11
Q

metal + steam =

lithium + steam =

A

metal oxide + hydrogen

lithium oxide + hydrogen

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12
Q

list the alkaline metals and their properties

A 
Lithium (Li)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Rubidium (Rb)
Caesium (Cs)
Francium (Fr)
  • low melting points
  • soft (easy to cut)
  • low density (float)
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13
Q

metal oxide + carbon =

lead oxide + carbon =

A

metal + carbon dioxide

lead + carbon dioxide

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14
Q

list the halogens

A 
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Chlorine 
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine
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15
Q

moles equations

A

moles = mass / RAM

moles = volume(dm3) / 24

moles of e- = charge / 96500

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16
Q

combustion of alkanes

eg. C3H8 + 5 O2 =

A

4 H2O + 3 CO2

steam

17
Q

incomplete combustion of alkanes

eg. C2H6 + O2 =

A

3 H2O + CO

steam

18
Q

what is the formula of ethanol

A

C2H5OH

19
Q

how do you make ethanol using fermentation

A

fermentation -

C6H12O6 = 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

  • 30 °C
  • 1 atm.
  • slow
  • releases CO2
  • low energy input -> cheap
  • renewable (sugar cane)
20
Q

how do you make ethanol using hydration

A

hydration of ethene -

C2H4 + H2O = C2H5OH

  • phosphoric acid
  • 300 °C
  • 65 atm.
  • pure ethanol
  • fast
  • high energy input -> expensive
  • non renewable (ethene from crude oil)
21
Q

define the homologous series

A

a series of compounds that share the same general formula, same chemical properties, and same trends and physical properties.

22
Q

what colour does red litmus paper go

A

acid - red
neutral - red
alkali - blue

23
Q

what colour does blue litmus paper go

A

acid - red
neutral - blue
alkali - blue

24
Q

what colour does phenolphthalein go

A

acid - colourless
neutral - colourless
alkali - bright pink

25
Q

what colour does methyl orange go

A

acid - red
neutral - yellow
alkali - yellow

26
Q

what is the equation for hydroxide in electrolysis

A

4 OH- = 2 H2O + O2 + 4 e-

27
Q

what is a really common catalyst

A

magnese(II) oxide

28
Q

what are the enthalpy calculations

A

ΔE = mcΔt

ΔE = mass of water x heat capacity of water x change in temperature

ΔH = -ΔE / moles

29
Q

blast furnace components

A
  • haematite (FeO2)
  • coke (C)
  • limestone (CaCO3)
  • air (O2)
30
Q

What is the test for carbonate and then sulphate?

A
  1. Add dilute HCl
    bubble through limewater —> cloudy
  2. Add BaCl2 —> white precipitate
31
Q

What are the tests for halides?

A

Add dilute HNO3 and then AgNO3
Colour change —> white (AgCl)
cream (AgBr)
yellow (AgI)

32
Q

What is the test for the presence of water?

A
  1. Add colbalt chloride paper
    blue —> pink
  2. Add copper sulphate
    white —> blue
33
Q

What is the test for the purity of water?

A
  • melting point is 0°C

- boiling point is 100°C

34
Q

What is the test for chlorine?

A

Add damp blue litmus paper

blue —> white (bleaches)

35
Q

What is the test for ammonia?

A

Add damp red litmus paper

red —> blue

36
Q

What is the test for ammonium?

A

Add NaOH

Test for ammonia

37
Q

How do you test for irons and copper?

A

Add NaOH
Colour change —> green (iron II hydroxide)
brown (iron III hydroxide)
blue (copper hydroxide)

38
Q

What are the flame tests?

A

Dip nichrome wire into sample and place in fire
If flame colour —> red (Li +) / (Sr 2+)
yellow (Na +)
lilac (K +)
brick red (Ca 2+)
green (Ba 2+)

Chemistry iGCSE (1 decks)

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