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Environmental Studies > Things to know for test > Flashcards

Things to know for test Flashcards

1
Q

How long ago did humans migrate out of Africa?

A

100,00 years ago

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2
Q

How long ago did the transition from hunting & gathering to agriculture occur?

A

10,000 years ago

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3
Q

True/False: The human population is more than 7 billion people

A

True

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4
Q

Crude Birth Rate

A

The annual number of births per 1,000 persons

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5
Q

Crude Death Rate

A

The annual number of deaths per 1,000 persons

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6
Q

Why has the total fertility rate been decreasing?

A

Because people have been living longer

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7
Q

Demographic Transition

A

Reduction in death rates and birth rates, usually due to economic development (LDC’s —> MDC’s)

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8
Q

The J-shaped growth curve is associated with what two factors?

A

Human growth population & the industrial revolution

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9
Q

Demography

A

The study of population characteristics

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10
Q

What is the percentage of world land usage as far as cropland goes?

A

11%

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11
Q

What is the percentage of world land usage as far as rangeland goes?

A

27%

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12
Q

What is the percentage of world land usage as far as forest goes?

A

29%

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13
Q

What is the percentage of world land usage for others?

A

33%

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14
Q

Famines

A

Acute food shortage; drought, pests, politics

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15
Q

Undernutrition

A

Chronic food shortage

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16
Q

Malnutrition

A

Chronic food shortage; nutritional imbalance or deficiency

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17
Q

Soil texture

A

The size of mineral particles

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18
Q

Soil structure

A

The clumpyness of soil

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19
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules that are attracted to different molecules (such as dirt)

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20
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules attracted to other water molecules

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21
Q

Infiltration Rate

A

Rate at which water enters a soil

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22
Q

Percolation Rate/Permeability

A

Rate at which water moves through soil

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23
Q

Runoff = ?

A

Erosion

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24
Q

What is the first soil layer?

A

O horizon - surface litter

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25
Q

What is the second soil layer?

A

A horizon - top soil (TRUE SOIL)

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26
Q

What is the third soil layer?

A

E horizon - zone of leaching

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27
Q

What is the fourth soil layer?

A

B horizon - subsoil

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28
Q

What is the fifth soil layer?

A

C horizon - weathered parent material (such as bedrock)

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29
Q

Is topsoil formation renewable?

A

No, it is nonrenewable

30
Q

What affects the rate in which soils form?

A

Parent material, location, erosive forces, exposure (to wind & water), etc

31
Q

True/False: In LDC’s, it’s often cheaper to farm new land rather than use pesticides & fertilizers (aka the Green Revolution)?

A

True

32
Q

Does sand or clay drain faster?

A

Sands, because they have macropores that have more space between the pores that water can more easily flow through

33
Q

Does sand or clay hold more water?

A

Clay does, considering the fact that clay has micropores that are much closer together and have less space in between, which prevents the flow of water to exit

34
Q

What are the 5 soil formation factors?

A

1) Parent material
2) Climate
3) Topography
4) Biological Activity
5) Time

35
Q

What are the 6 components of soil?

A
  1. Sand & Gravel
  2. Silts & Clays
  3. Dead Organic Material
  4. Soil Fauna & Flora
  5. Air
  6. Water
36
Q

T/F: Soils have gradient boundaries

A

True, they are linked to community types

37
Q

What are the 3 categories of food resources?

A

Grains/vegetables, meat & milk, fish

38
Q

Landscape

A

Collections of ecosystems

39
Q

National Park

A

Higher level & priority of protection, “hands off”

40
Q

National Forest

A

The preservation of timber (in managed ways)

41
Q

What does the shape of a triangle age-gender profile suggest?

A

That it suggests that populations are increasing

42
Q

What does the shape of a petal age-gender profile suggest?

A

That populations are stable/stabilizing

43
Q

What does the shape of a ice cream cone age-gender profile suggest?

A

That populations are decreasing

44
Q

T/F: A correlation has been found between the demise of civilizations & the loss of soil resources

A

True

45
Q

What is the CITES treaty?

A

An international agreement that helps protect endangered animals and plants from the threats of illegal exports/imports

46
Q

What are the 4 basic texture classes?

A

1) Loams (best for agriculture)
2) Sands (good for building sites)
3) Silts
4) Clays

47
Q

What did the Green Revolution consist of?

A

New crop hybrids, rotational cropping, fertilizers & pesticides, mechanization

48
Q

What are the vowels for the soil layers?

A

OAEBC

49
Q

What does parent material consist of? (5)

A

Bedrock, Alluvium, Loess, Volcanic Material & Glacial Till

50
Q

What are GMO’s?

A

Genetically Modified Organisms, which is when you take a gene and with good traits to create your breeding stock

51
Q

What are some soil conservation techniques to help prevent water erosion?

A

Reduced tillage, contour farming, terracing, grassed waterways, siltation fences, phased development

52
Q

What are some soil conservation techniques to help prevent wind erosion?

A

Reduced tillage, strip cropping, windbreaks, cover crops, mulches, phased development

53
Q

Why should we use fertilizers? (3)

A
  1. Produces high-yielding plant varieties
  2. Creates crop production on marginal lands
  3. Cycling of nutrients
54
Q

What was the blue revolution?

A

The discovery that the oceans held lots of food sources

55
Q

T/F: 11% of the Earth’s land is farmable

A

True (this applies for croplands)

56
Q

What is restoration ecology?

A

To repair or reconstruct ecosystems damaged by humans/natural forces (constructed wetlands)

57
Q

What are some common characteristics of deserts?

A

Low niches, low populations, high environmental resistance, low precipitation levels, evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation, drastic temperature changes from day to night, very cold at night

58
Q

How many inches of annual precipitation do deserts give off?

A

Less than 10 inches

59
Q

T/F: Deserts can be easily be disturbed & can last generations

A

True

60
Q

How are grasslands characterized?

A

Areas that are too dry to farm and too dry for trees

61
Q

Grasslands have annual _____?

A

Precipitation

62
Q

Grasslands have what type of soils?

A

Rich soils

63
Q

Do grasslands have low, moderate or high biodiversity?

A

Moderate

64
Q

T/F: Grasslands are the most productive cropland

A

True, this is due to their rich soils

65
Q

Tundras have low amounts of liquid ______?

A

Precipitation

66
Q

Tundras are adapted to what?

A

Lack of sunlight + water, freezing temperatures & constant wind

67
Q

T/F: Tundras can be easily disturbed

A

True

68
Q

T/F: Tundras aren’t slow to recover

A

False, they can be disturbed easily

69
Q

What is the difference between swamps, marshes & bogs?

A

Swamps contain trees, marshes do not, bogs have waterlogged soils

70
Q

Tropical rainforest characteristics

A

High precipitation, warm temperatures, high biodiversity, lots of niches, complex food webs

Environmental Studies (2 decks)

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