things i need to remember

Question 1

reactions of alkanes

Answer 1

complete combustion
incomplete combustion
free radical substitution

Question 2

what organic compounds are in free radical substitution?

Answer 2

alkane with a halogen and uv light

makes a haloalkane

Question 3

reactions of alkenes

Answer 3

hydration (steam, acid catalyst) to make alcohol
hydrogenation (h2, ni catalyst) to make alkane
halogenation (halogen [x2]) to make dihaloalkane
hydrogen halide (Hx) to make haloalkane

Question 4

reactions of haloalkanes

Answer 4

hydrolysis (warm alkali under reflux) to make alcohol

Question 5

reactions of primary alcohols

Answer 5

with K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 under distillation (oxidation) to form aldehyde
with carboxylic acid (and H2SO4) or acid anhydride or acyl chloride to make an ester
sodium halide (H2SO4) to make haloalkane
dehydration (acid catalyst) to form alkene

Question 6

reactions of secondary alcohols

Answer 6

with KrCr2O2/H2SO4 under reflux to form ketone

Question 7

reactions of aldehydes

Answer 7

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 under reflux (oxidation) to form carboxylic acid
NaBH4 and H2O (reduction) to form primary alcohol

Question 8

reactions of ketones

Answer 8

NaBH4 to form secondary alcohol

Question 9

reactions of carboxylic acids

Answer 9

with SOCl2 to form acyl chloride

esterification (alcohol/H2SO4) to form an ester

Question 10

reactions of esters

Answer 10

with dilute acid under reflux to form carboxylic acid
hydrolysis (reflux with dilute acid or alkali) to form primary alcohol
OH- ions under reflux to form carboxylate

Question 11

reactions of acyl chloride

Answer 11

with H2O to form carboxylic acid

with alcohol to form ester - irreversible and much faster/easier

Question 12

enthalpy change of formation

Answer 12

enthalpy change when 1 mole of a compound is formed from its element under standard conditions with all reactants and products in their standard states

Question 13

enthalpy change of atomisation

Answer 13

enthalpy change for the formation of 1 mole of gaseous atoms from the element in its standard state

Question 14

first ionisation energy

Answer 14

enthalpy change for the removal of 1 electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form a gaseous ion and electron

Question 15

first electron affinity

Answer 15

enthalpy change when 1 electron is gained by an isolated gaseous atom

Question 16

enthalpy of lattice formation

Answer 16

enthalpy change when 1 mole of an ionic solid is formed from its gaseous ions