Things I have missed on practice tests Flashcards
A dog has a pH of 7.21, a pCO2 of 55mmHg and an HCO3 of 29mEq/L. What is his acid-base status?
Respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation. (explain here)
What induction agent enhances GABA, is rapidly metabolized in the liver, and causes minimal respiratory depression?
Alfaxalone
Keyword was respiratory - minimal = less than propofol but some so not etomidate
What induction agent enhances GABA, is rapidly metabolized in the liver, causes minimal cardiovascular depression, but can cause adrenal suppression for up to 6 hours after surgery?
Etomidate
Keyword was CV suppression as well as the adrenals
An angle created by the position of the femoral head with respect to the diaphysis in the transverse plane is known as what?
Anteversion transverse = anTeversion
Frontal = inclination
What type of non-erosive IMPA is associated with neoplasia (paraneoplastic arthritis)?
Type IV
Your patient has a cranial intrathoracic esophageal perforation that needs surgery. What side and which intercostal space will you make your approach?
Right 3rd/4th
Look up why?
Casein is a hygroscopic substance that swells as it slowly absorbs body fluids, reducing the ameroid constrictor’s internal diameter by what %?
32%
True or false? Right sided CHF increases parietal capillary hydrostatic pressure and thereby increases pleural fluid formation?
True
Renal artery occlusion time should be limited to what?
20 minutes (Look up table)
Prostaglandins have what effect on kidney solutes?
Increase potassium excretion
Do NOT increase sodium resorbtion
The shelf life of double-wrapped non-woven paper is what?
6 months
What % of patients will improve after surgery for cervical spondylomyelopathy?
80%
What % of patients will improve after medical management of cervical spondylomyelopathy?
50%
Which band of the tarsal medial collateral ligaments is most substantial?
Calcaneofibular
Remember calcaneus is big bone = substantial
Which band of the tarsal lateral collateral ligaments is most substantial?
Tibiotalar
taLar is large
Metastatic nodules must be how big to be seen on plain film radiographs?
7-9mm ** some sources say >6mm
(CT is 1mm)
Fluid lactate to blood lactate difference > than how many mmol/L is diagnostic for septic peritonitis?
> -2mmol/L
**just like 20mg/dL in glucose starts with 2
What cranial nerves are involved in the oral phase of deglutition?
5, 7, 12
(5+7=12)
What cranial nerves are involved in the pharyngeal/pharyngeoesophageal phase of deglutition?
9 and 10
In the McPhail carprofen article, in what timeframe was the toxicosis seen?
How many of the 21 study dogs died?
5-30 days
4 of 21 died
Protein C levels >70% are consistent with which liver issue?
MVD
Where do you perform a thoracotomy for access to the thoracic duct?
10th intercostal space. Right dog/left cat
Which acute phase protein is not highly responsive in cats?
C-reactive protein
cats = C
The shelf life of double-wrapped linen is what?
24 months (96 weeks is 24 months)
The shelf life of polypropylene peel pouches is what?
12 months
The width of a ventral slot should be no more than what % of a vertebral body?
50%
Disc-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy is very common in which breed?
Doberman pinscher
What % of dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy present with non-ambulatory tetraparesis?
15%
The sarcomere border is delineated by what?
The Z band (Z is the end)
The central region of the sarcomere is composed of conjoined tails of myosin proteins is the?
A band (Myosin in the middle/centrAl)
The terminal portion of the actin filaments of adjacent sarcomeres is the?
I band (actIn)
What % of body weight of fluid can the peritoneum absorb per hour?
3-8%
What side is cryptorchid more common on?
Right
cRyptorchid
True or False? A right shift on the O2/HgB dissociation curve will cause a higher affinity for oxygen to hemoglobin?
False
Shifting the curve to the right Reduces affinity of HgB for oxygen
“Right reduces”
True or False? A left shift on the O2/HgB dissociation curve will cause a higher affinity for oxygen to hemoglobin?
True
True or False? A right shift on the O2/HgB dissociation curve will cause less oxygen at the tissue level?
False
Because “Right shift Reduces” affinity, MORE oxygen is left in tissues
Generation of fibrin polymers that stabilize the platelet plug into a mature thrombus is called what?
Secondary hemostasis (it is the cascade)
True or false? Antithrombin inhibits neutrophil adherence and has potent anti-inflammatory effects.
True
What diseases can you treat with FFP?
What should you not treat with FFP?
Yes FFP = coag factor abnormalities, vWD (though not as good as cryoprecipitate), hypoproteinemia
No = fibrinogen abnormalities, heparin related bleeding (the antithrombin in the plasma will be activated by the heparin in circulation)
What are the three components of Virchow’s Triad?
Endothelial injury
Vascular stasis
Hypercoagulability
Eddie Van Halen (EVH)
For each additional hour of anesthesia time the infection rate is increased by?
30%, just like for each person I guess?
Fabric that is tightly woven (280 threads per inch) and has water resistant coating will lose it’s barrier properties after how many laundry cycles?
75
A vessel sealing device that limits temperature to 100 degrees and thermal spread to 2mm is which one?
The Enseal
(I guess the harmonic scalpel is not a “vessel sealing device” of that it has even less spread).
Arterioles to the skin are closed off when sub-bandage pressures exceed what level?
30mmHg
The sensory-discriminative aspect of pain is produced in the ______thalamocortical system?
Lateral
The motivational and affective aspect of pain is produced in the ______thalamocortical system?
Medial
Motivation is Medial
Which breed of dog has higher resting vagal tone and benefits from premedication with an anticholinergic?
French Bulldogs
Which patient age group most benefits from anticholinergics as premeds prior to elective procedures?
Pediatric animals
Although there is no actual reversal for acepromazine induced sedation, what medication can be given to reduce the sedation?
Doxapram
Ace ate the dopa, so give some dox!
What is the max insufflation pressure in laparoscopy (above which renal blood flow is compromised?
14mmHg
What is the normal range of insufflation pressures for laparoscopy?
8-10mmHg
What is the MOA of phenoxybenzamine?
Alpha-1 antagonist
A cerclage is loose if it’s tension is less than ____ newtons?
30 newtons
What is the % non-healing rate of ILN due to rotational instability?
14%
A 1.5mm screw has a thread pitch of how many mm?
0.6mm
The cortex screw diameter should not exceed what % of the bone diameter?
40%
What diagnostic tool can be used to differentiate live bone from non-viable bone?
scintigraphy
What is the most common joint for bacterial arthritis?
Stifle
What breed of dog gets gastroesophageal intussusceptions?
At what age?
German Shepherds
At < 3 months age
GEs = GSD
What breed gets congenital hypertrophic pylorogastropathy?
French Bulldogs
OF COURSE it’s Frenchie’s - like Hattie
Delayed gastric emptying/ outflow obstruction is suggested when repeat films confirm retention of gastric contents after fasting how many hours?
8 hours
In one study, at risk dogs that were gastropexied had a ____ fold decrease in mortality compared to those who were not?
29 fold decrease
What % of insulinomas are carcinomas?
60%
Cats undergoing renal transplant are screened for what infectious diseases? (There are 3)
FIV
FeLV
Toxoplasma gondii
What are the two major post-op complications seen 24-72 hours after renal transplant?
Hypertension
Seizures
What complication of immunosuppressive therapy are cats that had a renal transplant 5.45 times more likely to develop than other cats with renal disease?
Diabetes
What % of thyroid tumors are considered functional?
10%
