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Higher Chemistry > Things I Get Wrong A Lot > Flashcards

Things I Get Wrong A Lot Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the formation of soaps

A

By alkaline hydrolysis of edible fats and oils. Produces 3 fatty acid molecules and glycerol. The fatty acids are neutralised by an alkali forming ionic salts (soap)

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2
Q

Why does food go off

A

Due to exposure to oxygen. Results in rancid smells/ taste. May be subject to change like hydrolysis

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3
Q

What are terpenes responsible for

A

Distinct flavourings and aroma of spices like cinnamon

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4
Q

How do isoprenes join together

A

Addition reaction

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5
Q

What are Free radicals?

A

Highly reactive atoms that have one unpaired electron

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6
Q

The three stages of free radicals

A

Initiation (a radicals is produced), propagation (the free radicals reacts with another molecule), termination (no more radicals are formed)

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7
Q

What are free radical scavengers?

A

Usually vitamins, minerals or enzymes and are antioxidants, they donate electrons

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8
Q

What is electrolysis

A

Used to obtain aluminium from Al ore

-> requires oxygen

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9
Q

Acid + base -> ?

A

Salt

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10
Q

What is molar volume

A

The volume occupied by one mole of any gas - same temp and pressure

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11
Q

What are the units of Mv

A

Lmol ^-1

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12
Q

During atom economy what must you check

A

The moles

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13
Q

What does the (II) mean next to copper(II)

A

The valency

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14
Q

What is feedstock

A

Raw materials or chemicals used to produce more profitable chemicals

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15
Q

How do you calculate Theoretical yield

A

Products(GFM)/reactants(GFM) x grams of reactants

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16
Q

Why would something be limiting (excess)

A

Less moles

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17
Q

What is the activated complex

A

The high energy point (unstable) of a reaction

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18
Q

What is the equation for energy change

A

Bonds broken + bonds made (but bonds made is a negative reaction)

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19
Q

What does adding a catalyst do to a reaction?

A

Lowers activation energy

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20
Q

What type of reaction are combustions

A

Exothermic and is always negative

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21
Q

What favours an increase in temp

A

Endothermic

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22
Q

What side does an increase in pressure favour?

A

The side with the least amount of gaseous molecules

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23
Q

What effect does a catalyst have on an equilibrium

A

Does not - helps reach equilibrium faster though

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24
Q

What is metallic bonding between

A

Metals ending in ium (Li. Be, Na, Al, Mg, Ca )

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25
Q

Covalent molecules ?

A

H2 N2 O2 F2 Cl2 P4 S8 C60 (fullerene)

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26
Q

Covalent network

A

Si, B, C (graphite or diamond)

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27
Q

along periods ionisation ___ down groups ionisation ___

A

Increases, decreases

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28
Q

Why does it take more energy to remove some atoms

A

Removed from a full energy level

29
Q

Pure covalent shave the same what

A

Electronegativity

30
Q

LDFs increase the larger the ..

A

Atomic size

31
Q

Hydrogen bonding is between H and

A

N, O and F

32
Q

Ionic compounds conduct when ..

A

Molten

33
Q

Water has

A

A high surface tension and relatively high viscosity

34
Q

CO2 is non-polar because

A

It is linear and has equal extremities

35
Q

Reducing agents

A

Donates electrons and is oxidised

36
Q

The strongest reducing agents are

A

Alkali metals (group 1)

37
Q

Oxidising agents ..

A

Gain electrons and is reduced

38
Q

The strongest oxidising agents are

A

Highly electronegative like Group 7

39
Q

Metals are ____ non-metals are ____

A

Positive , negative (ionic formula)

40
Q

Oxidising agents can be used

A

As bleach or to kill bacteria

41
Q

Sodium stearate is

A

A soap

42
Q

Fehlings solution turns

A

Blue to brick red

43
Q

Acidified potassium dichromate turns

A

Orange to green

44
Q

Tollens reagent turns

A

Clear to silver mirror

45
Q

Alkenes de colourised

bromine through an

A

Addition reaction (red/brown to colourless)

46
Q

Cycloalkanes are isomers to

A

Alkenes

47
Q

What is the name for OH

A

Hydroxyls

48
Q

Alcohols with multiple OH ends are

A

Diols or triols

49
Q

Describe the difference between alcohols

A

Primary is attached to one C, secondary to 2 Cs and tertiary 3 Cs

50
Q

Alcohols have what strong bonding

A

Hydrogen

51
Q

Name for COOH ending

A

Carboxyls

52
Q

What is neutralisation

A

Carboxylic acid + base -> salt

53
Q

When is a soap formed

A

Long chain fatty acid is used in hydrolysis

54
Q

Esters

A

Smell no s, insoluble in water, volatile and have an oily layer

55
Q

Esters can be used as

A

Solvents

56
Q

How does naming an ester work

A

Parent alcohol ends in yl and acid ends in oate

57
Q

What can be used in hydrolysis

A

Sodium hydroxide

58
Q

How are fats and oils formed

A

From glycerol and fatty acids

59
Q

What is the name for glycerol

A

Propane-1,2,3-triol

60
Q

Glycerol to fatty acid ratio

A

1:3

61
Q

Fats are ____, oils are ____

A

Saturated, unsaturated

62
Q

Soaps are made by

A

Alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils results in glycerol and salt (soap)

63
Q

Describe a soap molecule

A

Uncharged covalent tail and a negatively charged ionic head COO-

64
Q

Emulsions work by

A

The suspension by repulsion of negatively charged ionic heads

65
Q

Monoglyceride

A

Has one hydroxyl replaced with a fatty acid ending

66
Q

Amino acids have both

A

COOH and NH2

67
Q

C=O is known as

A

Carbonyl

68
Q

Fats and oils are needed to store

A

Fat soluble vitamins and energy

Higher Chemistry (3 decks)

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