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physiology exam 2 > things andersen says to memorize > Flashcards

things andersen says to memorize Flashcards

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1
Q

net reaction of citric acid cycle

A

2 Acetyl CoA + 6 H2O + 2 ADP –> 4 CO2 + 16 H + 2 CoAA + 2 ATP

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2
Q

what are the two ways that lipoproteins are made

A

intestinal cells and liver

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3
Q

how do basket and stellate cells affect purkinje cells

A

they provide lateral inhibition to purkinje cells to provide damping

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4
Q

putamen circuit is overall: excititory or inhibitory

what does it importantly bypass

A

excitittory

bypasses caudate nucleus

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5
Q

what lipoproteins are produced by liver

A

VLDL (directly)
IDL
LDL
HDL

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6
Q

what is the major factor of thermogenesis

A

basal metabolic rate

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7
Q

where do climbing fibers of the cerebellar cortex originate

A

medullary olives

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8
Q

damage to cerebellum can lead to what dysfunctions?

A

dysmetria, nystagmus, adiadochokinesia, cerebellar hypoplasia, ataxia

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9
Q

what is the result of destruction of dopaminergic neruons in lessions of substantia nigra?

A

overall inhibitory effect (because normally dopamine is excitatory, therefore if it is not produced it is inhibitory)

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10
Q

under what conditions do large quantities of triglycerides appear in the liver?

A

high fat diet and cholesterol

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11
Q

what is unique about the hypothalamus “receptors”

A

the neurons themselves are the receptors

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12
Q

what is the function of golgi tendon organ

A

inhibitory
opposite of the stretch
keeps muscles from hyper extending (stimulated by contracting or stretching of muscles)

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13
Q

caudate circuit: excitatory or inhibitory

A

inhibitory

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14
Q

where does the cerebellothalamocortical tract go

A

dentate, emboliform, globose nuclei –> thalamus –> motor cortex

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15
Q

site of gastrin secretion

A

gastrin is secreted from G cells

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16
Q

cajal cells

A

smooth cell electrical pacemakers
generate slow waves
have leaky gap junctions

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17
Q

what do the Dentate, emboliform and globose nucei control?

fastigial?

A

extremity

trunk

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18
Q

a very generalize neurotransmittter that is ALWAYS inhibitory

A

GABA

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19
Q

what is metabolic syndrome

A

a result of dibetes

characteristics of metabolic syndrome: obesity, fasting hyprglycemia, and hypertension

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20
Q

hypotonia

A

decrease in muscle tone, limp (floppy infant syndrome)

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21
Q

function of spinocerebellum

A

tells the cerebellum the plan

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22
Q

what cranial nerves regulate the secretion of saliva

A 
CN VII (facial)
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
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23
Q

lateral corticospinal tract: supplies what and crosses where

A

supplies all levels of the spinal cord

crosses in medulla

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24
Q

what lipoprotein is made from intestinal cells

A

chylomicrons

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25
what makes up the anterior preoptic hypothalamus
anterior hypothalamic nuclei | medial pre-optic area
26
what is the main link between the cortex and cerebellum
corticopontocerebellar
27
funcctions of premotor and supplementary motor areas
generate a plan for movement and send it to primary cortex
28
what inhibits gastric secretions
somatostatin | prostaglandins
29
cold sensitive neuron function
generation of and conservation of heat
30
what is the best known stimuli for increasing the rate of thyroid stimulating hormone
cold
31
what does the corticobulbar tract innervate
face, head, and neck
32
actions of gastrin
stimulate gastric acid secretions by parietal cells Stimulates mucosal growth by stimulating synthesis of RNA and new protein.
33
what are the functions of nuclear bag fibers and nuclear chain fibers
nuclear bag fiber: detect rate of change in muscle length (how fast) nuclear chain fibers: detect static change in muscle length (does it change length?)
34
function of cytochrome A3 (oxidase) in ECC
give up two electrons to oxygen *oxygen is final electron acceptor
35
action of CCK (cholecystokinin)
controls feedback of duodenum
36
anterior corticospinal tract: supplies what and crosses where
supplies neck and upper limbs | crosses near level of synapse with LMNs
37
what is the result of muscle spindle stimulation, what fibers are involved
stimulation of the Ia and II fibers in muscle spindle result in stimulation of alpha motor neurons resulting in contraction and shortening of muscle
38
where do the mossy fibers terminate
granule cells in the cerebellar cortex
39
renshaw cells: inhibitory or excitatory?
inhibitory
40
vestibulospinal tract main functions
maintain balance maintain upright posture *can only recognize movement if the entire head moves* (macula is involved in this)
41
inhibition of secretion of gastrin
acid from stomach | somatostatin
42
what is the most potent mechanism for increaing heat production
shivering
43
disinhibition: define and give example in the putamen circuit
an inhibitory signal inhibiting an inhibitory signal two negatives make a positive GABA (always inhibitory) in putamen circuit inhibiting the previous GABA
44
disdiadochokinesia
impaired ability to perform rapid, alternating movements
45
what do warm sensitive neurons activate and what is the result overall function
activate neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and hypothalamus resultingin a heightened parasympathetic outflow that promotes dissipation of heat control temperature set point
46
where does the cerebellorubral tract go?
dentate, emboliform, globose nuclei --> red nucleus
47
what lesions lead to Huntington? Parkinson's
Huntington's: lesion in striatum | Parkinson's: lessions in substantia
48
number of ATPs per glucose in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
gly.: 2 ATP CAC: 2 ATP oxi-phosph: 34 ATP
49
what form climbing fibers
axons of olivocerebellar
50
purkinje cells: inhibitory or excitatory
ALWAYS INHIBITORY
51
what tracks form the mossy fibers
corticopontocerebellar vestibulocerebellar reticulocerebellar spinocerebellar
52
where does facilitated transport of glucose occur
most tissues
53
stimulus for secretion of gastrin
small peptides and amino acids in stomach lumen, especially phenylalanine and trypophan; distention of stomach; vagal stimulation mediate by GRP (gastrin release peptide)
54
what is the first symptom of vestibulocerebellar syndrome
nystagmus
55
where does the cerebelloreticular tract go?
fastigial nuclei -- >reticular nuclei in pons and medulla
56
chief cells secrete:
pepsinogen
57
where does sodium-glucose co-transport occur
GI tract and renal tubules
58
what is the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation
66%
59
causative factors of fever
brain abnormalities surgery in the region of the hypothalamus prostaglandins lipopolysaccharide toxins
60
can disaccharides be absorbed across the intestinal wall
no (glucose can)
61
how are lipids able to cross the intestinal mucosa
lipids must form complex with bile salts to form micelles to cross the intestinal mucosa bile salts on outside free fatty acids and monoglycerides are inside
62
increased blood glucose levels lead to:
increased osmotic pressur osmotic diuresis damge to tissues and blood vessels
63
ornithine urea cycle: what happens in mitochondria? what happens in cytoplasm?
mitochondria: ammonia +CO2 --> caramoyl phosphate; carbamoyl phosphate + ornithine --> citrulline cytoplasm: citulline + aspartate --> argininosuccinate; argininosuccinate --> arginine + fumarate; arginine --> UREA + ORNITHINE (fumarate enters citric acid cycle)
64
what fibers are in muscle fibers and what are they innervated by
muscle fibers are made up of extrafusal fibers and intervated by alpha motor neurons
65
what two conditions increase utilization of fat for energy
starvation and diabetes mellitus
66
nystagmus
involuntary eye movement which may cause the eye to rapidly move up and down, side to side, or in a circle
67
what is the only output from cerebellar cortex?
purkinje cells
68
what kind of fibers are are in muscle spindle?
intrafusal fibers
69
what controls pendular movements
vestibuloverebellum | *without it, will not be able to perform pendulary movements
70
what is function of gastrointestinal reflexes
allow different parts of GI to talk to eachother and the brain
71
name functions of: glucokinase, phosphatase, phosphorylase
glucokinase: transfer phosphate from ATP phosphatase: removes phosphate phosphorylase: catalyzes production of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen
72
parietal cells secrete:
HCL
73
function of cerebrocerebellum
involved in coordination of skilled movement and speech
74
dysathria
slurred or slow speech
75
what is the major rate-limiting factor for almost all energy metabolism in the body
ADP
76
what is the pentose phosphate pathway primarily used for
synthesis of fats and other substances
77
where does the cerebellovestibular go?
cerebellum --> vestibular nuclei
78
what is the fate of the hydrogens produced from pentose phosphate pathway
bound to NADP+ (NOT NAD+)
79
red nuclues: stimulate ______ inhibits _____
the red nucleus represents all of the muscles stimulates: flexors inhibits: extensors
80
what areas of the brain control the gamma fibers
bulboreticular region of brain stem cerebellum basal nuclei cerebral cortex

physiology exam 2 (2 decks)

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