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physiology exam 2 > things andersen says to memorize > Flashcards

things andersen says to memorize Flashcards

1
Q

net reaction of citric acid cycle

A

2 Acetyl CoA + 6 H2O + 2 ADP –> 4 CO2 + 16 H + 2 CoAA + 2 ATP

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2
Q

what are the two ways that lipoproteins are made

A

intestinal cells and liver

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3
Q

how do basket and stellate cells affect purkinje cells

A

they provide lateral inhibition to purkinje cells to provide damping

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4
Q

putamen circuit is overall: excititory or inhibitory

what does it importantly bypass

A

excitittory

bypasses caudate nucleus

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5
Q

what lipoproteins are produced by liver

A

VLDL (directly)
IDL
LDL
HDL

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6
Q

what is the major factor of thermogenesis

A

basal metabolic rate

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7
Q

where do climbing fibers of the cerebellar cortex originate

A

medullary olives

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8
Q

damage to cerebellum can lead to what dysfunctions?

A

dysmetria, nystagmus, adiadochokinesia, cerebellar hypoplasia, ataxia

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9
Q

what is the result of destruction of dopaminergic neruons in lessions of substantia nigra?

A

overall inhibitory effect (because normally dopamine is excitatory, therefore if it is not produced it is inhibitory)

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10
Q

under what conditions do large quantities of triglycerides appear in the liver?

A

high fat diet and cholesterol

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11
Q

what is unique about the hypothalamus “receptors”

A

the neurons themselves are the receptors

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12
Q

what is the function of golgi tendon organ

A

inhibitory
opposite of the stretch
keeps muscles from hyper extending (stimulated by contracting or stretching of muscles)

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13
Q

caudate circuit: excitatory or inhibitory

A

inhibitory

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14
Q

where does the cerebellothalamocortical tract go

A

dentate, emboliform, globose nuclei –> thalamus –> motor cortex

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15
Q

site of gastrin secretion

A

gastrin is secreted from G cells

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16
Q

cajal cells

A

smooth cell electrical pacemakers
generate slow waves
have leaky gap junctions

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17
Q

what do the Dentate, emboliform and globose nucei control?

fastigial?

A

extremity

trunk

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18
Q

a very generalize neurotransmittter that is ALWAYS inhibitory

A

GABA

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19
Q

what is metabolic syndrome

A

a result of dibetes

characteristics of metabolic syndrome: obesity, fasting hyprglycemia, and hypertension

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20
Q

hypotonia

A

decrease in muscle tone, limp (floppy infant syndrome)

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21
Q

function of spinocerebellum

A

tells the cerebellum the plan

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22
Q

what cranial nerves regulate the secretion of saliva

A 
CN VII (facial)
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
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23
Q

lateral corticospinal tract: supplies what and crosses where

A

supplies all levels of the spinal cord

crosses in medulla

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24
Q

what lipoprotein is made from intestinal cells

A

chylomicrons

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25
Q

what makes up the anterior preoptic hypothalamus

A

anterior hypothalamic nuclei

medial pre-optic area

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26
Q

what is the main link between the cortex and cerebellum

A

corticopontocerebellar

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27
Q

funcctions of premotor and supplementary motor areas

A

generate a plan for movement and send it to primary cortex

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28
Q

what inhibits gastric secretions

A

somatostatin

prostaglandins

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29
Q

cold sensitive neuron function

A

generation of and conservation of heat

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30
Q

what is the best known stimuli for increasing the rate of thyroid stimulating hormone

A

cold

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31
Q

what does the corticobulbar tract innervate

A

face, head, and neck

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32
Q

actions of gastrin

A

stimulate gastric acid secretions by parietal cells
Stimulates mucosal growth by
stimulating synthesis of RNA and new
protein.

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33
Q

what are the functions of nuclear bag fibers and nuclear chain fibers

A

nuclear bag fiber: detect rate of change in muscle length (how fast)

nuclear chain fibers: detect static change in muscle length (does it change length?)

34
Q

function of cytochrome A3 (oxidase) in ECC

A

give up two electrons to oxygen

*oxygen is final electron acceptor

35
Q

action of CCK (cholecystokinin)

A

controls feedback of duodenum

36
Q

anterior corticospinal tract: supplies what and crosses where

A

supplies neck and upper limbs

crosses near level of synapse with LMNs

37
Q

what is the result of muscle spindle stimulation, what fibers are involved

A

stimulation of the Ia and II fibers in muscle spindle result in stimulation of alpha motor neurons resulting in contraction and shortening of muscle

38
Q

where do the mossy fibers terminate

A

granule cells in the cerebellar cortex

39
Q

renshaw cells: inhibitory or excitatory?

A

inhibitory

40
Q

vestibulospinal tract main functions

A

maintain balance
maintain upright posture
can only recognize movement if the entire head moves
(macula is involved in this)

41
Q

inhibition of secretion of gastrin

A

acid from stomach

somatostatin

42
Q

what is the most potent mechanism for increaing heat production

A

shivering

43
Q

disinhibition: define and give example in the putamen circuit

A

an inhibitory signal inhibiting an inhibitory signal
two negatives make a positive
GABA (always inhibitory) in putamen circuit inhibiting the previous GABA

44
Q

disdiadochokinesia

A

impaired ability to perform rapid, alternating movements

45
Q

what do warm sensitive neurons activate and what is the result
overall function

A

activate neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and hypothalamus resultingin a heightened parasympathetic outflow that promotes dissipation of heat
control temperature set point

46
Q

where does the cerebellorubral tract go?

A

dentate, emboliform, globose nuclei –> red nucleus

47
Q

what lesions lead to Huntington? Parkinson’s

A

Huntington’s: lesion in striatum

Parkinson’s: lessions in substantia

48
Q

number of ATPs per glucose in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

A

gly.: 2 ATP
CAC: 2 ATP
oxi-phosph: 34 ATP

49
Q

what form climbing fibers

A

axons of olivocerebellar

50
Q

purkinje cells: inhibitory or excitatory

A

ALWAYS INHIBITORY

51
Q

what tracks form the mossy fibers

A

corticopontocerebellar
vestibulocerebellar
reticulocerebellar
spinocerebellar

52
Q

where does facilitated transport of glucose occur

A

most tissues

53
Q

stimulus for secretion of gastrin

A

small peptides and amino acids in stomach lumen, especially phenylalanine and trypophan; distention of stomach; vagal stimulation mediate by GRP (gastrin release peptide)

54
Q

what is the first symptom of vestibulocerebellar syndrome

A

nystagmus

55
Q

where does the cerebelloreticular tract go?

A

fastigial nuclei – >reticular nuclei in pons and medulla

56
Q

chief cells secrete:

A

pepsinogen

57
Q

where does sodium-glucose co-transport occur

A

GI tract and renal tubules

58
Q

what is the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation

A

66%

59
Q

causative factors of fever

A

brain abnormalities
surgery in the region of the hypothalamus
prostaglandins
lipopolysaccharide toxins

60
Q

can disaccharides be absorbed across the intestinal wall

A

no (glucose can)

61
Q

how are lipids able to cross the intestinal mucosa

A

lipids must form complex with bile salts to form micelles to cross the intestinal mucosa
bile salts on outside
free fatty acids and monoglycerides are inside

62
Q

increased blood glucose levels lead to:

A

increased osmotic pressur
osmotic diuresis
damge to tissues and blood vessels

63
Q

ornithine urea cycle: what happens in mitochondria? what happens in cytoplasm?

A

mitochondria: ammonia +CO2 –> caramoyl phosphate;
carbamoyl phosphate + ornithine –> citrulline

cytoplasm: citulline + aspartate –> argininosuccinate;
argininosuccinate –> arginine + fumarate; arginine –> UREA + ORNITHINE
(fumarate enters citric acid cycle)

64
Q

what fibers are in muscle fibers and what are they innervated by

A

muscle fibers are made up of extrafusal fibers and intervated by alpha motor neurons

65
Q

what two conditions increase utilization of fat for energy

A

starvation and diabetes mellitus

66
Q

nystagmus

A

involuntary eye movement which may cause the eye to rapidly move up and down, side to side, or in a circle

67
Q

what is the only output from cerebellar cortex?

A

purkinje cells

68
Q

what kind of fibers are are in muscle spindle?

A

intrafusal fibers

69
Q

what controls pendular movements

A

vestibuloverebellum

*without it, will not be able to perform pendulary movements

70
Q

what is function of gastrointestinal reflexes

A

allow different parts of GI to talk to eachother and the brain

71
Q

name functions of: glucokinase, phosphatase, phosphorylase

A

glucokinase: transfer phosphate from ATP
phosphatase: removes phosphate
phosphorylase: catalyzes production of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen

72
Q

parietal cells secrete:

A

HCL

73
Q

function of cerebrocerebellum

A

involved in coordination of skilled movement and speech

74
Q

dysathria

A

slurred or slow speech

75
Q

what is the major rate-limiting factor for almost all energy metabolism in the body

A

ADP

76
Q

what is the pentose phosphate pathway primarily used for

A

synthesis of fats and other substances

77
Q

where does the cerebellovestibular go?

A

cerebellum –> vestibular nuclei

78
Q

what is the fate of the hydrogens produced from pentose phosphate pathway

A

bound to NADP+ (NOT NAD+)

79
Q

red nuclues: stimulate ______ inhibits _____

A

the red nucleus represents all of the muscles

stimulates: flexors
inhibits: extensors

80
Q

what areas of the brain control the gamma fibers

A

bulboreticular region of brain stem
cerebellum
basal nuclei
cerebral cortex

physiology exam 2 (2 decks)

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