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Biology > Thermoregulation > Flashcards

Thermoregulation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostatsis

A

Our bodies reaction to change

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2
Q

Negative feedback

A

A response that opposes a change in the environment

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3
Q

Sensor

A

detects environmental condition (nerves)

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4
Q

Intregrator

A

Analyzes signal from sensor to compare conditions to what they are naturally supposed to be in order to activate an effector (hypothalamus)

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5
Q

Effector

A

causes a physiological change that opposes change (tissues and glands)

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6
Q

Positive feedback

A

A change that moves condition away from homeostasis causes a response that amplifies the change

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7
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Regulating the internal body temperature
This has a huge impact on energy budget

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8
Q

What generates body heat and how is it regulated

A

Generated by metabolism. Is regulated by the rate of heat gain and loss

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9
Q

What is the rate of heat exchange called

A

conductance

conduction is heat transfer by direct contact

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10
Q

What are the 4 methods that heat can be exchanged with the environment

A

Heat can be exchanged with the environment by
conduction, convection, evaporation and radiation

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11
Q

What is the relationship between conductance and body weight

A

as bodyweight increases conductance increases
Large organisms have lower conductance due to smaller SA/V ratios

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12
Q

Homeotherms

A

maintains “constant” body temperature (Tb) independent of ambient temperature (Ta). This can be a human (36C) or an earthworm (5C)

Endotherms. are homeotherms

bur can also be ecotherms that stay in stable enviroment

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13
Q

Heterotherms

A

Tb fluctuates with Ta.
Freshwater fish whose Tb changes with seasonal changes in the water temperature.

Ectotherms are heterotherms

Also called polkilotherms

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14
Q

How do endotherms generate body heat

A

uses metabolism to generate body heat. [INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION]

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15
Q

How do ectotherms generate heat

A

acquires body heat from environment. [EXTERNAL HEAT SOURCE] They do generate heat from metabolism…they just don’t keep it

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16
Q

Regional heterothermy

A

organisms that are able to maintain different temperature zones in different regions of the body

characteristics of hetero and homotherms

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17
Q

Ambient temperature

A

external outside temperature

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18
Q

Body temperature in ecto and endothems

A

Endothems keep body temperature constant
Ectothems- body temperature is dictated by ambient temperature

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19
Q

Counteract heat exhange system

A

Adaptation of Regional heterothermy
that allows blood flowing in opposite direction to be warmed befpre re-entering the body core.

Blood from inner body warms blood at extremeties

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20
Q

How does temperautre affect metabolism

A

As temperature increases enzyme acitivity increases which inturn increases the resting metabolic rate

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21
Q

Hyperthermy vs Hypothermy

A

Hyperthermy has high body temp and hypothermy have low

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21
Q

Hyperthermy vs Hypothermy

A

Hyperthermy has high body temp and hypothermy have low

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22
Q

Hyperthermy vs Hypothermy

A

Hyperthermy has high body temp and hypothermy have low

23
Q

Thermal neutral zone

A

The thermoneutral zone is defined as the range of ambient temperatures where the body can maintain its core temperature solely through regulating dry heat loss, i.e., skin blood flow. A living body can only maintain its core temperature when heat production and heat loss are balanced.

24
Q

When does thermoregulation occur

A

Thermoregulation occurs above and below the TNZ to
regulate body temperature.

TNZ means thermal neutral zone

25
Q

What is the response to Hypothermy

In terms of thermoregulation

A

Shivering, vasoconstriction, piloerection, decreasing surface
area, decreasing exposure (huddling/burrowing)

piloerection means goosbumps

26
Q

What happens in hyperthermy

A

Panting, vasodilation, sweating, increasing surface area,
decreasing exposure (to sun)

27
Q

What are longterm solutions to hyperthemy

A

Growing fur/adding fat, shedding, changing colour are longer term solutions, not what is happening instantaneously here

28
Q

What are adapataions for heat loss and heat retention

in relation to enviorment

A

Heat retention- low conductance
common in cold enviroments
Heat Loss- high conductance
common in tropical or hot enviroments

29
Q

What are the 4 behavioural regulations of conductance

A

Exposure,grouping, dormancy,migration

30
Q

Exposure

Behvioural regulation of conductance

A

Mouvement into or out of the sun/wind

31
Q

Grouping

A

Huddling together to share body radiation

Radiation-heat transfer via infared radiation(like a fireplace_

32
Q

Dormancy
How long is it?
What happens to body temperature?
What happens to energy?
| Daily torpor

A

6-8 hour reduction acitivity
-10C drop in body temp and lower metabolic rate
Reduce spending enrgy to stay warm

33
Q

Hibernation
How long is it?
What is your body temperature?
What are the conditions to wake up from hibernation?

A

Body temperature regulated close to ambient temperature
Massive reduction in metabolic rate
Last 2 weeks before u wake up
You must generate alot of heat to wake up
You stay awake for 1-2 days before repeating

Common in small organisms

Since small organisms have large surface area to volume area they can heat up bodies quickly to hibernate properly

34
Q

What is topor
How long does it last
What is body temperature
Why do bears undergo torpor

A

Body temperature lowers by 10 degrees
It lasts 2-3 days
In the winter foood is scarce so they sleep. Since they have low sa to volume ratio and insulation

Avoid winter perserve energy

35
Q

Migration

A

Avoidance of poor environmental conditions

36
Q

How can ectotherms be homeotherms

A

If they live in constant temperature

37
Q

What are the advantages of a constant body temperature?

A

It can prevent denature, and the organism is able to adapt to many environments.

38
Q

When heat is generated by endotherms, what happens to the heat?

A

Thermoregulation occurs.

39
Q

When heat is generated by ectotherms, what happens to the heat?

A

It is released to the environment.

40
Q

Why can’t large organisms hibernate?

A

hey have a small SA:V, and there- fore, they cannot produce enough heat to wakeup.

41
Q

Why do bears not undergo the same hibernation as smaller organisms?

A

Since they have large surface area to volume ratio they cannot make enough body heat to wake up from hibernation.
They do have fur which generates enough energy fro torpor

42
Q

What are the physiological adjustments organisms can make to optimize heat exchange with the environment and attain an ideal body temperature? (9):

A

Acclimation
Blood Flow
Insulation
Fur Length
Colour Change
Sweating
Cryoprotectants
Shivering Thermogenesis
Non-Shivering Thermogenesis

43
Q

Define Acclimation

A

A physiological change that occurs in response to seasonal temperature changes
Organisms adjust their cellular conditions to work optimally in cold
and warm environments

44
Q

Describe acclimation in cold temperatures

cell membrane

A

lots of unsaturated fatty acids in membranes

At 5C, membranes are too viscous

45
Q

Describe acclimation in hot temperatures

A

At 25C, membranes are too fluid
lots of saturated fatty acids in membranes

Phospholipids change level of saturation

46
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of blood vessels, results in lower conductance with the environment

We do this during hypothermy

47
Q

When do endotherms use vasoconstriction?

A

When it is cold to retain heat

48
Q

When do ectotherms use vasoconstriction?

A

When it is hot to retain heat.

49
Q

Vasodilations

A

The widening of blood vessels, resulting in a higher conductance with the environment.

50
Q

When do endotherms use vasodilation?

A

When it is hot to release heat.

51
Q

Internal Insulation:

A

The use of fats or blubber under the skin, results in a slow rate of heat transfer.

52
Q

External Insulation:

A

The use of surface hair on top of the skin, results in a slow rate of heat transfer.

53
Q

Piloerection

A

The fluffing of fur or feathers, resulting in a low rate of heat transfer due to an increase in the thickness of insulation.

54
Q

Dark Fur

A

This type of fur can absorb light and generates heat outside of the insulation layer, resulting in heat being easily lost to the environment.

Biology (2 decks)

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