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EOS 433 > Thermodynamics > Flashcards

Thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

Study of laws that govern: conversion of energy from one form to another, direction heat will flow, availability of energy to do work

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2
Q

Molecular Mass

A

Mass of a molecule

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3
Q

Ideal Gas Law

A

Relates pressure, density, and temperature

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4
Q

Gas Constant

A

Constant relating variables in ideal gas law; depends on the molar mass

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5
Q

Ways to quantify the concentration of an atmospheric gas

A

Mass mixing ratio, volume mixing ratio, number density

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6
Q

Mass Mixing Ratio

A

Percentage of a particular gas in the total composition of a sample of gas

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7
Q

Partial Pressure

A

Pressure that would be exerted by the molecules of a particular gas from a sample if they were alone in the volume at a certain temperature

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8
Q

Partial Volume

A

The volume that would be occupied by the molecules of a gas from a sample if they were alone at a pressure and temperature

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9
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

In a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure and volume is the sum of the partial pressures/volumes

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10
Q

Volume Mixing Ratio

A

The relative amount of a particular gas in a gas sample

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11
Q

Number density

A

The number of molecules of a gas per unit volume

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12
Q

Most significant contributors to composition of gases in the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon (1%)

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13
Q

What is hydrostatic balance?

A

The equilibrium between the gravitational force and pressure force on an air parcel. Relates pressure and altitude

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14
Q

Lapse Rate

A

Rate of decrease of temperature with height

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15
Q

Hypsometric equation

A

Gives the thickness of an atmospheric layer bound by two pressure levels with constant temperature (or mean temperature)

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16
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

dU=dQ+dW, conservation of energy

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17
Q

Work

A

Force exerting over a distance (positive when force does work ON a system - internal energy increases)

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18
Q

Entropy

A

Measure of disorder of system S = kblnW

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19
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Irreversible processes (one direction) involve an increase in entropy in an isolated system

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20
Q

Reversible process

A

If you make very small changes in a system, a process can be reversed, total entropy change of system and surroundings = 0

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21
Q

Enthalpy

A

Measure of the total heat content of a thermodynamic system

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22
Q

Heat capacity

A

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K. May be at constant pressure or volume

23
Q

Adiabatic heating

A

Temperature change of a parcel due to a change in air pressure caused by volume expansion related to vertical displacement (no change in heat, reversible process, no change in entropy)

24
Q

Diabatic heating

A

Temperature change not related to adiabatic heating (phase changes of water, radiation)

25
Q

Potential temperature

A

The temperature a parcel would have if brought adiabatically to the surface, constant when the parcel moves adiabatically

26
Q

Air parcel

A

Small air of mass, affected by environment, but doesn’t affect environment, pressure equals pressure of environment, but temperature, density and composition may differ from environment

27
Q

Adiabatic lapse rate

A

Rate of decrease of temperature with height following an adiabatic parcel as it rises

28
Q

Environmental lapse rate

A

Differs from adiabatic lapse rate

29
Q

Statically stable

A

Adiabatic lapse rate > environmental lapse rate, parcel heavier than surroundings and sinks, potential temperature increases with height

30
Q

Statically unstable

A

Adiabatic lapse rate < environmental lapse rate, parcel lighter than surroundings and rises, potential temperature decreases with height

31
Q

Neutral stability

A

Adiabatic lapse rate = environmental lapse rate

32
Q

Buoyancy force

A

Difference in forces of mass of air displaced and mass of the parcel

33
Q

Buoyancy frequency

A

Determines the motion of an air parcel in the atmosphere due to the buoyancy force. Depends on the if the atmosphere is statically stable (oscillatory motion), or unstable (exponential solution)

34
Q

Total potential temperature

A

Sum of potential energy and internal energy

35
Q

Available potential energy

A

The potential energy in the atmosphere available for conversion to kinetic energy, slopes in isobars

36
Q

Why is water important for the climate system

A

Precipitation, radiative effects, stratospheric ozone

37
Q

Saturation vapor pressure

A

Pressure and temperature at which the rate of evaporation = rate of condensation (determined by Clausius Clapeyron equation)

38
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

Difference between enthalpy and entropic energy, measure of a system’s ability to do work

39
Q

Gibbs free energy of a system in equilibrium

A

Total specific G of system is sum of G’s of each phase and the specific G in each phase is the same

40
Q

Clausius-Clapeyron equation

A

Relationship between the change in pressure with temperature, which are related by the latent heat of a phase change, temperature and change in volume associated with the phase change

41
Q

Relative humidity

A

Measure of moisture, ratio of water vapor compared to saturation vapor pressure

42
Q

What happens to vapor pressure as a parcel rises?

A

The temperature decreases as a parcel rises, and the vapor pressure decreases, but also the saturation vapor pressure decreases, so the parcel may reach saturation

43
Q

Dew point

A

Temperature air must be cooled at constant pressure for it to be saturated

44
Q

Saturated adiabatic lapse rate

A

At saturation, latent heat is released, modifies the dry adiabatic lapse rate (lapse rate decreases)

45
Q

Conditional instability

A

A saturated parcel is conditionally stable if the lapse rate is < saturated adiabatic lapse rate

46
Q

Equivalent potential temperature

A

Potential temperature a parcel would have if all its moisture were condensed and the latent heat was used to heat the parcel

47
Q

Ways the temperature of a parcel can be brought to equivalent potential?

A

Raise parcel to top of atmosphere to condense moisture and release heat, bring parcel adiabaticaly back to surface

48
Q

Tephigram

A

Thermodynamic diagram used to interpret the temperature and humidity structure of the atmosphere

49
Q

What affects the formation of clouds?

A

Curvature of water droplets (larger radius = less curvature = more cloud formation), T and P

50
Q

How does droplet radius affect vapor pressure?

A

Vapor pressure required to reach saturation vapor pressure is much greater over curved surfaces (supersaturation to reach equilibrium)

51
Q

What can reduce the RH necessary for cloud formation?

A

Having a cloud condensation nucleus (solute), occupy surface sites otherwise occupied by water molecules, reduces evaporation rate

52
Q

Raoult’s Law

A

Partial vapor pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture

53
Q

Kohler Curve

A

Shows the supersaturation at which a cloud droplet is in equilibrium with the environment over a range of droplet diameters

EOS 433 (1 decks)

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