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Biochemistry > Thermodynamics > Flashcards

Thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Building things up and making bigger molecuels

A

anabolism

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2
Q

using ATP and NADPH

A

anabolism

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3
Q

reductive

A

anabolism

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4
Q

breaking down

A

catabolism

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5
Q

making ATP and NADPH

A

catabolism

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6
Q

oxidative

A

catabolism

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7
Q

entropy (S) is always ____________ in the universe

A

increasing

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8
Q

-dH is exo or endo

A

exo

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9
Q

dH is endo or exo

A

endo

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10
Q

dS is favorable or nonfavorable

A

favorable

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11
Q

-dS is favorable or nonfavorable

A

nonfavorable

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Whether breaking a bond is endothermic or exothermic depends on the bond.

A

FALSE!!!!!!

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

chemical bonds store energy

A

FALSE

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14
Q

bonds breaking ________ energy
bonds forming ___________ energy

A

requires
releases

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15
Q

Biological system are __________ and operate under constant ___________ and ___________.

A

open
temperature and pressure

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16
Q

_______________ (____________) is not a source of energy for cells.

A

heat flow (enthalpy)

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17
Q

-dG is ….

A

spontaneous and exergonic

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18
Q

+dG is ….

A

nonspontaneous and endergonic

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19
Q

When Keq is greater than 1 then dG’ is ___________. Also is the forward or reverse favored?

A

negative
forward

20
Q

When Keq is less than 1, then dG’ is ___________. Also is the forward or reverse favored?

A

positive
reverse

21
Q

When Keq is equal to 0, then dG’ is ___________. Also is the forward or reverse favored?

A

zero
neither (at equilibrium)

22
Q

ATP hydrolysis is commonly coupled with ENDERGONIC/EXOGONIC reactions in biochemistry.

A

endergonic

23
Q

chemical basis for the large free-energy change associated with ________ ____________.

A

ATP hydrolysis

24
Q

ATP HYDROLYSIS:

Attachment of good leaving group to metabolic intermediate “______________________” for the next reaction. ______________ groups are good leaving groups

A

activates it
Phosphoryl

25
Q

ATP HYDROLYSIS:

Better charge separation in products (_______)

A

ADP

26
Q

ATP HYDROLYSIS:

More favorable _____________ stabilization of REACTANCTS/PRODUCTS.

A

resonance
PRODUCTS

27
Q

ATP HYDROLYSIS:

Evolution has developed ways to keep intracellular [ATP] HIGH/LOW

A

HIGH

28
Q

Most of the time groups transfer occurs, not direct ______ hydrolysis. This requires an _____________, Increases _____________, and makes it more ____________.

A

ATP

enzyme
free energy
more reactive

29
Q

________________ transfer a phosphoryl group from ATP to an acceptor molecule.

A

kinases

30
Q

what catalyze a phosphorylation reaction?

A

kinases

31
Q

_______________ catalyze the removal of a phosphoryl group from a phosphate ester.

A

phosphates

32
Q

what catalyze dephosphorylation reaction

A

phosphates

33
Q

“high-energy” compounds have a ∆G′°more NEGATIVE/POSITIVE than -25 kJ/mol

A

NEGATIVE

34
Q

“low-energy” compounds have a less NEGATIVE/POSITIVE ∆G′°

A

NEGATIVE

35
Q

What is another energy currency in the cell?

A

hydrolysis of thioesters

36
Q

Hydrolysis reactions have SMALL/LARGE, negative standard free energy changes

A

LARGE

37
Q

Hydrolysis reactions have large, negative standard free energy changes because of what 4 things:

A
  1. Bond strain in reactants due to electrostatic repulsion is relieved by charge separation
  2. Products are stabilized by ionization
    3.Products are stabilized by isomerization
    4.Products are stabilized by resonance
38
Q

Oxidation-reduction reactions indirectly provide much of the energy needed to make ATP. Reduced substrates such as glucose are oxidized in several steps, with the energy of oxidation steps conserved in the form of a reduced cofactor, ____________. Energy stored in NADH is used to drive the synthesis of _______.

A

NADH
ATP

39
Q

Reduced organic compounds serve as fuels from which electrons can be stripped off during _________.
Electrons move from metabolic intermediates to electron carriers to acceptors with ________ electron affinities – release energy

A

oxidation
higher

40
Q

Many biochemical oxidation-reduction reactions involve transfer of ________________. In order to keep charges in balance, proton transfer often accompanies electron transfer

A

two electrons

41
Q

Large + = ?
Large - = ?

A

Large + = GAINING electrons
Large - = LOSING electrons

42
Q

NAD+ is _______________, while NADH is ______________

A

oxidized
reduced

43
Q

__________________ allow single electron transfers.

A

Flavin cofactors (FAD/FMN)

44
Q

When NADH is a reactant it want to _____________ electrons.

A

give away (donate)

45
Q

When NAD+ is a reactant it want to _____________ electrons.

A

accept

Biochemistry (4 decks)

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