Thermodynamics Flashcards
making bonds is ___
breaking bonds is ___
make = exothermic
break = endothermic
Second Law of Thermodynamics
In a spontaneous process, the entropy of the Universe increases
molecular interpretation of entropy
randomness = how do molecules distribute themselves amongst available energy levels
–> statistical analysis
in statistical analysis, what does the weight of a distribution refer to?
the total number of ways a particular configuration can be achieved
what is the most probable distribution?
the one configuration with a larger value W than all the others
= the Boltzmann Distribution
Boltzmann Distribution eqn for population of level i, n(i), with energy ε(i)
+ interpret
n(i) = n(0) exp (-ε(i) / kT)
where k is Boltzmann’s constant
T is temperature
ie. as the energy of a level increases, its population decreases
as Temp raised, molecules move to higher energy levels
Eqn relating entropy to number of ways W
S = k lnW
k: Boltzmann’s constant
W: weight, ways
molecular energy level distribution when a system is heated
energy is supplied, some molecules move to higher energy levels
–> more spread out amongst energy levels so more ways of achieving the distribution, hence entropy increases
molecular energy level distribution when a system expands
when a system expands, the spacing of translational energy levels DECREASES
hence more energy levels available to the molecules
distributed over more levels, W increases, S increases
how does the size of entropy change depend on the T of a system?
the increase in entropy resulting from a certain amount of heat being supplied is GREATER the LOWER the temperature of the system
eqn classical definition of entropy
differential form
dS = 𝛿q(rev) / T
NOTE: even if the process itself is not reversible, must work out what the heat would be if we were to go by a reversible path!
eqn calculate entropy change of surroundings
surroundings are so large that all heat transfers are seen as reversible
∆S(surr) = q(surr) / T(surr) = -q(sys) / T(sys)
for a finite change
relate spontaneity of a process to ∆S(univ)
+ve = spontaneous (entropy of universe increases)
-ve = not spontaneous
= 0 is equilibrium, no tendency for further change
The First Law of Thermodynamics + eqn
energy cannot be created or destroyed but is transformed from one form into another
∆U = q + w
what are the different “forms” of energy?
heat, work and internal energy
key different between internal energy and heat/work
internal energy is a STATE function
heat/work are PATH functions
note that the symbol ‘∆’ is only appropriate for state functions
derive eqn for work done on an ideal gas by expansion
piston with area A experiences p(external)
force on the piston due to external pressure is p(ext) * A
small amount of work done BY the gas is force x distance dx (piston moved out)
δw = p(ext) * A dx = p(ext) dV
work done ON the gas: δw = - p(ext) dV
when a gas expands, what happens to the internal energy?
work is done so Internal energy falls
derive expression for expansion work done against CONSTANT external pressure
integrate p(ext) dV for an expansion between Vi and Vf
p(ext) constant, move out of integral
w = - p(ext) [Vf-Vi]
what must p(ext) be to do maximum expansion work for a gas in a cylinder?
to maximise work done, external pressure needs to be as high as possible but cannot exceed internal pressure (or else compression would occur, not expansion)
–> p(ext) infinitesimally smaller than p(int)
define reversible reaction
a process whose direction can be changed by an infinitesimal change in some variable
reversible vs spontaneous reactions
reversible:
infinitely slow
at equilibrium
do max work
irreversible = spontaneous:
finite rate
not at equilibrium
less than max work
how to find the expression for work done in a finite expansion for an ideal gas expanding reversibly
essentially, p(ext) = p(int)
work = integral of p(int) dV between Vi and Vf
for ideal gas, p(int)V=nRT –> sub for p(int)
Assume isothermal (constant T)
w(rev) = - nRT ln(Vf/Vi)