Thermodynamics

Question 1

Thermodynamics

Answer 1

deals with relations between heat and other forms of energy (such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy), and, by extension, of the relationships between all forms of energy.

Question 2

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 2

Conservation of energy (Energy can be neither created nor destroyed).

Question 3

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 3

It is impossible to convert all heat to work (Entropy of the universe increases)

Question 4

3rd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 4

All substances crystallize perfectly at 0 Kelvin (At 0 Kelvin temperature, the atoms in a pure crystalline substance are aligned perfectly and do not move).

Question 5

0th Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 5

Two system in contact would eventually come to the same equilibrium temperature

Question 6

Ideal Gas - Equation of State

Answer 6

A mathematical expression which defines physical state of a homogeneous substance (gas,
liquid, or solid) by relating volume to pressure and absolute temperature for a given mass of
material.

Question 7

Ideal Gas Law

Answer 7

PV = nRT

Question 8

Conditions applied for Equation Of State:

Answer 8

➢ Both molecular size & intermolecular attractions neglected
➢ Most accurate for gases at high temperatures and low pressures
➢ Non-compressible
➢ PV/ RT = 1.0

Question 9

For real gases

Answer 9

PV = ZRT

Question 10

What is real gas?

Answer 10

Real gas is gas where there are active forces among gas molecules

Question 11

Real gas effects include those adjustments made to account for a greater range of gas behavior:

Answer 11

➢ Compressibility effects(Z allowed to vary from 1.0)
➢ Variable heat capacity (specific heats vary with temperature)
➢ Van der Waals forces (related to compressibility, can substitute other equations of state)
➢ Non-equilibrium thermodynamic effects
➢ Issues with molecular dissociation and elementary reactions with variable composition.

Question 12

Applications of Heat Engine

Answer 12

➢Internal Combustion engine
➢Steam Turbines
➢Compressors

Question 12

heat engine

Answer 12

acts by transferring energy from a hot region to a cool region of space & in the process, converting some of that
energy to mechanical work.

Question 13

Thermal Efficiency

Answer 13

an important parameter to determine Carnot Engine performance:

Question 14

Critical Point

Answer 14

Point where liquid and vapour density is the same & the phases become indistinguishable.