Thermochemical Principles Flashcards
How many types of subshells are there?
4
What are the 4 subshells?
s, p, d, f
Each subshell contains orbitals that contain how many electrons?
2
How many orbitals does the S subshell have
1 orbital
How many orbitals does the P subshell have
3 orbitals
How many orbitals does the D subshell have
5 orbitals
What is the order that we fill up the subshells in?
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
so order is: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 4f, 5d, 5f
What are the 3 steps to fill electron configurations?
1) Fill up to minimize energy of an atom (Aufbau’s principal) - subshells must fill completely before next level is filled.
2) Each orbital can hold a max of 2 electrons in opposite spin (Pauli’s exclusion principal)
3) Each orbital is filled with 1 electron before any pair (Hunds rule)
What is the electron configuration for Br?
(Hint 35)
Br: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁵
What is the electron configuration for V?
(Hint 23)
V: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d³
What is the electron configuration for Ni²⁺?
(Hint 26)
Ni²⁺: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁸
What is the electron configuration for Sc?
(Hint 21)
Sc: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹
What is the electron configuration for Ga?
(Hint 31)
Ga: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p¹
What is the electron configuration for Fe³⁺?
(Hint 23)
Fe³⁺: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵
What is the electron configuration for S?
(Hint 16)
S: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴
What is the electron configuration for Co?
(Hint 27)
Co: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d⁷
What is the electron configuration for Cr³⁺?
(Hint 21)
Cr³⁺: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d³
What is the 4s² rule for Transition Metals?
- Transition metals lie from Sc to Zn
- They form ions by losing 4s² electrons first
- They then lose a 3d electron if necessary
- 4s electrons are a lower energy level than 3d, so they are EASIER to remove (which is why they are removed first).
E.g
Ti: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ ‘4s²’ 3d² (22e⁻)
Ti⁺: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ ‘ ‘ 3d² (20e⁻)
Atomic radius _____________ as you go across a period
decreases
Who has a bigger radius, Li or F?
Li and F are both in period 2 so they both have 2 electron shells. Li has 3+ protons and 3- electrons. F has 9+ protons and 9- electrons. They have the same amount of ‘shielding’ as both have 1 inner electron shell shielding the attractive force of the nucleus from the valence shell. However, F has a greater nuclear charge, because 9 protons are attracting the valence shell. As a result the valence shell of F is pulled in closer than that of Li. Hence F has a smaller radius.
Atomic radius _____________ as you go down a group
increases
Who has a bigger radius, Al or B?
B and Al are both in group 13. B has 5+ protons, 5- electrons and 2 electron shells. Al has 13+ protons, 13- electrons and 3 electron shells. Although Al has a ‘greater nuclear charge’ than B (so we might expect Al to pull valence in e- more strongly), Al has a larger radius than B. Al has ‘one more electron shell’ than B. This extra shell forces the radius of Al to be bigger because the valence shell is physically further from the nucleus. Further more, the 2 inner shells of Al act to ‘shield’ the valence shell from the pull of the nucleus resulting in a larger radius for Al.
As you go across a period, electronegativity _____________
increases
Electronegativity is the attraction an atom has for bonding e___________
electrons