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Physics > Thermal Physics > Flashcards

Thermal Physics Flashcards

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0
Q

Absolute zero

A

The lowest possible temperature, at which an object has minimum internal energy

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1
Q

What is the absolute scale?

A

A temperature scale in kelvin, defined in terms of absolute zero, 0K, and the triple point of water, 273K

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2
Q

Absolute temperature

A

Temperature in Celsius + 273

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3
Q

What is boiling point?

A

The temperature at which a pure liquid at one atmospheric pressure boils

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4
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, it’s pressure x volume is constant

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5
Q

What is the Boltzmann constant?

A

The molar constant / Avogadro number

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6
Q

What is Brownian motion?

A

The random and unpredictable motion of a particle such as smoke particle caused by molecules of the surrounding substance colliding at random with the particle

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7
Q

What is Charles’ law?

A

For an ideal gas at constant pressure, it’s volume is directly proportional to it’s absolute temperature

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8
Q

What is heat (Q)?

A

Energy transferred due to a difference in temperature

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9
Q

What is heat capacity?

A

The energy required to change the temperature of a substance by 1K

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10
Q

What is an ideal gas?

A

A gas under such conditions so that is obeys Boyle’s law

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11
Q

What is the ideal gas equation?

A

pV=nRT

n= number of moles, R= the molar constant

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12
Q

What is internal energy?

A

The sum of the random distribution of the kinetic and potential energies of a substance’s molecules

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13
Q

What is the kinetic energy if the molecules in an ideal gas?

A

Mean kinetic energy = 3/2kT

Total kinetic energy = 3/2nkT

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14
Q

What is the kinetic theory of a gas?

A

Molecules are in continual random motion so pressure is pV=1/3Nmc^2

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15
Q

What is the latent heat of fusion?

A

The energy required to change the state of a liquid to solid (or vice versa) without a change in temperature

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16
Q

What is latent heat of vaporisation?

A

The energy required to change a liquid to a gas (or vice versa) without a change in temperature

17
Q

What is melting point?

A

The temperature at which a pure substance’s state changes from a solid to liquid

18
Q

What is metastable state?

A

An excited state of the nuclei of an isotopes that lasts long enough after alpha or beta emission for the isotope to be separated from the parent isotope

19
Q

What is a moderator?

A

Substance in a thermal nuclear reactor that slows down the fission neutrons so the they can go on to produce further fission

20
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The relatively small part of an atom where all the atom’s positive charge and most of its mass is concentrated (1/10th size of the atom)

21
Q

What is pair production?

A

When a gamma photon changes into a particle and antiparticle

22
Q

What is a photon?

A

Wave packet of electromagnetic radiation

E=hf

23
Q

What is the pressure law for an ideal gas?

A

Its pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature

24
Q

What is sublimation?

A

The change of state when a solid changes to vapour directly

25
Q

What is thermal equilibrium?

A

When no overall heat transfer occurs between two objects at the same temperature

26
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The quantity of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a substance by a unit temperature

27
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and energy transfer?

A

Temperature determines the direction in which thermal energy will be transferred

Thermal energy is transferred from a region at a higher temperature to a region of lower temperature

28
Q

Define thermal equilibrium

A

Regions of equal temperature are in thermal equilibrium, where there is zero resultant energy transfer between them

29
Q

What factors effect internal energy?

A

Temperature —> if temp increases, molecules travel more rapidly, KE increases, internal energy increases

Pressure —> (not ideal gas) Pressure decreases (with no change in temp), gas expands, work done on molecules to pull them apart, therefore increase in P.E. and increase in internal energy

State — increase in potential energy

30
Q

Define an ideal gas

A

A gas that has internal energy only in the form of random kinetic energy

31
Q

Define internal energy of a body

A

The sum of the random distribution of kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules in the body

32
Q

Pressure =

A

Force (F) / Area (A)

33
Q

Define phase

A

Phase means whether a substance is a solid, liquid or gas

34
Q

What is the ideal gas equation?

A

pV = nRT

p = Pressure (Pa)
V = Volume (m^3)
n = number of moles
R = gas constant (8.31 JK^-1 mol^-1) 
T = temperature (K)
35
Q

Charles’ Law

A

The volume occupied by a gas at a constant pressure is directly proprtional to its thermodynamic (absolute) temperature

36
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

The pressure exerted by a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume, provided the temperature remains constant

37
Q

State three assumptions of the kinetic model of ideal gases

A

Particles move with random, rapid motion

There are no intermolecular forces

Collisions are elastic

38
Q

Use kinetic theory of gases to explain how a gas exerts a pressure

A

Molecules continually collide with the walls of a container

By doing this, force is exerted on the walls of the container

This force is spread over the area of the container, which results in pressure being exerted

39
Q

State two conclusions about air molecules that may be deduced from Brownian Motion

A

Smoke molecules are larger than the air molecules

Air molecules are in perpetual random motion at different speeds

40
Q

Explain the term thermal equilibrium

A

Where the temperature of the two regions is equal, so there is no net heat exchange

Physics (9 decks)

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