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Thermal physics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the internal energy of a body

A

Sum of all kinetic and potential energies of all its particles

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2
Q

How are kinetic and potential energies distributed in the body

A

Randomly

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3
Q

How to increase the internal energy of a system

A

Do work on the system to transfer energy to it (change shape, move particles) or increase the temperature of it

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4
Q

Why does a systems internal energy change when its state changes

A

Potential energy of the system changes while the kinetic energy is kept constant

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5
Q

Internal energy during the boiling of water

A

Up to 100 degrees: kinetic energy increases, At 100 degrees: Energy is used to break bonds between water molecules so it can change state to water vapour, so potential energy is increased

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6
Q

Energy required to change the temperature of a substance formula

A

Q = mc(delta)theta

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7
Q

Q = mc(delta)theta - what is Q

A

Energy required

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8
Q

Q = mc(delta)theta - what is m

A

Mass

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9
Q

Q = mc(delta)theta - what is c

A

Specific heat capacity

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10
Q

Q = mc(delta)theta - what is delta theta

A

Change in temperature

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11
Q

What is the specific heat capacity of a substance

A

Amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 (degree or kelvin) without changing its state

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12
Q

Energy required to change the state of a substance formula

A

Q = ml

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13
Q

Q = ml - what is Q

A

Energy required

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14
Q

Q = ml - what is m

A

Mass

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15
Q

Q = ml - what is l

A

Specific latent heat

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16
Q

What is the specific latent heat of a substance

A

Amount of energy required to increase the state of 1kg of a substance without changing its temperature

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of specific latent heat

A

Specific latent heat of fusion and specific latent heat of vaporisation

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18
Q

What is the specific latent heat of fusion

A

When solid changes to liquid

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19
Q

What is the specific latent heat of vaporisation

A

When liquid changes to gas

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20
Q

What do the gas laws explore

A

Experimental relationship between pressure, volume and temperature for a fixed mass of gas

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21
Q

Nature of gas laws

A

Empirical - arose from observations and experimental evidence

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22
Q

How many gas laws are there

A

3

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23
Q

What are the 3 gas laws

A

Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, the pressure law

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24
Q

What is Boyle’s law

A

When temperature is constant, pressure and volume and inversely proportional

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25
Boyle's law formula
pV = k
26
What is Charles' law
When pressure is constant, volum is directly proportional to absolute temperature
27
Charles' law formula
V/T = k
28
What is the pressure law
When volume is constant, pressure is directly proportional to absolute temperature
29
The pressure law formula
p/T = k
30
Boyle's law diagram
DIAGRAM
31
Charles' law diagram
DIAGRAM
32
The pressure law diagram
DIAGRAM
33
Absolute scale of temperature
Kelvin scale
34
Change of 1 degree celsius in kelvin
1
35
Formula for conversion between celcius and kelvin
K = C + 273
36
What is absolute zero in celsius
-273
37
What is absolute zero
0 K, lowest possible temperature, temperature where particles have no kinetic energy, volume and pressure of gas is zero
38
What does k equal when you combine the gas laws
k = (pV) / T
39
k = (pV) / T - what does k depend on
Amount of gas (moles)
40
(pV) / T =
nR
41
nR = (pV) / T - what is n
Number of moles in gas
42
nR = (pV) / T - what is R
Molar gas constant (8.31 J mol^-1 K^-1)
43
Ideal gas equation
pV = nRT
44
What is 1 mole of a substance equivalent to
6.02 x 10^23 atoms/molecules
45
What is the Boltzman constant (k)
Molar gas constant / Avogadro's constant
46
Ideal gas equation using Boltzman constant
pV = NkT
47
pV = NkT - what is N
Number of molecules
48
pV = NkT - what is k
Boltzman constant
49
What is the molar mass
Mass (grams) of 1 mole of a substance
50
How to find molar mass
By finding the relative molecular mass, approximately equal to sum of nucleons in a molecule of the substance
51
Work done on a gass formula
Work done = p(delta)V
52
Pressure-Volume graph, what is the area
Work done
53
What is Brownian motion
Random motion of larger particles in a fluid
54
What is Brownian motion caused by
Collisions with surroundings particles
55
How to observe Brownian motion
Looking at smoke particles under a microscope
56
What did Brownian motion contribute evidence for
Existence of atoms and molecules
57
Simple molecular model explanation for Boyle's law
Increase volume = molecules move further apart = less collisions = pressure decreases
58
Simple molecular model explanation for Charles' law
Increase temperature = molecules move faster = frequency of collision must stay constant (pressure) = molecules move further apart (volume increases)
59
Simple molecular model explanation for the pressure law
Increase temperature = molecules move faster = volume is constant so frequency of collisions increases = higher pressure
60
Is the kinetic theory model empirical
No - based only on theory
61
What is the kinetic theory model
Relates several features of a fixed mass of gas, including its pressure, volume and mean kinetic energy - based on assumptions and derivations
62
Assumptions of the kinetic theory model
No intermolecular forces, duration of collisions in negligible, motion is random and molecules experience perfectly elastic collisions, motion follows Newtons law, molecules move in straight lines
63
Kinetic theory model derivation
Practise it
64
What is an ideal gas
Follows gas laws perfectly, so no interaction other than perfectly elastic collisions between gas molecules, so no intermolecular forces act between molecules, so no potential energy, so inernal energy is sum of kinetic energies of all its particles
65
Kinetic energy of a single gas molecule formulas
1/2 m(c_rms)^2 = 3/2 kT = 3RT / 2N_A
66
Relationship between kinetic energy of a gas molecule and temperature (in kelvin)
Directly proportional
67
Acknowledgement of understanding changing over time
Knowledge and understanding of any scientific concept changes over time in accordance to the experimental evidence gathered by the scientific community

Physics (8 decks)

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