Thermal Energy

Question 1

whats caloric

Answer 1

a colourless tasteless fluid

Question 2

what happens when caloric flows from one object to another

Answer 2

causes the second one to heat up and the first to cool down

Question 3

what releases alot of caloric

Answer 3

combustion releases alot of caloric, as the burning object disintegrates, caloric escapes and heats up surroundings

Question 4

whats kinetic theory

Answer 4

all matter consists of tiny particles in constant motion

Question 5

assumptions of kinetic theory

Answer 5

all matter made of very small particles
particles in constant motion
collisions between particles elastic
mutual attractive forces
distance between particles in gas larger than size of particles

Question 6

whats thermal energy

Answer 6

the sum of kinetic and potential energies of all the particles in the object

Question 7

what does their kinetic energy determine

Answer 7

how fast they move

Question 8

whats temperature

Answer 8

the average kinetic energies of an objects particles
measured in celsius

Question 9

What is the difference between energy transformation and energy transfer?

Answer 9

Energy transformation refers to the conversion of energy from one form to another. Energy transfer, on the other hand, refers to the movement of energy from one object to another without a change in its form.

Question 10

Explain why diffusion is faster in gases than liquids

Answer 10

Diffusion is faster in gases than liquids because gas particles are more widely spaced and move more freely compared to liquid particles. This allows gas particles to move and mix more quickly, leading to faster diffusion.

Question 11

Why are measurements using a thermometer considered objective and the sensations in your hands are subjective?

Answer 11

Measurements using a thermometer are considered objective because they rely on physical properties and can be quantitatively measured. Thermometers are designed to provide consistent and reliable readings. Sensations in your hands, on the other hand, are subjective because they are based on personal perceptions and can vary from person to person.

Question 12

How does kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy all relate?

Answer 12

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, potential energy is stored energy due to an object’s position or state, and internal energy is the total energy of the particles within a substance. Kinetic energy and potential energy can be converted into each other, and both contribute to the internal energy of a substance.

Question 13

Use the kinetic particle model to explain the increase in the volume of steam, compared to the same volume of liquid water.

Answer 13

When water is heated and turns into steam, the particles gain energy and move faster. This increased motion causes the particles to spread out and occupy a larger volume, resulting in an increase in the volume of the steam compared to the same volume of liquid water.

Question 14

Gases can change volume by increasing or reducing pressure. Liquids and solids cannot. Explain, using the kinetic theory, why this is the case.

Answer 14

Gases can change volume by increasing or reducing pressure due to the high mobility and freedom of movement of their particles. In contrast, the particles in liquids and solids are more closely packed, limiting their ability to change volume in response to pressure changes.

Question 15

temeprature

Answer 15

When a material is heated, the average kinetic energy of its particles increases. When heat energy is added the proportion of atoms vibrating faster increases/ the average kinetic energy of particles, therefore the temperature, increases.

Question 16

heat

Answer 16

Heat refers to the energy that is transferred from one body to another due to a difference in temperature/bodies at high temperatures always lose heat to bodies at lower temperatures. The S.I. unit for heat is the Joule.

Question 17

Explain why it’s incorrect to say that a body contains heat:

Answer 17

Heat is not a property or substance that can be contained within an object. It’s the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another due to a temperature difference. It’s the flow of energy, not something that can be stored or contained within an object.

Question 18

absolute zero

Answer 18

As an object is cooled, its particles slow down.
In all objects there exists a temperature at which all movements are the slowest they can possibly be.
This point is called absolute zero, which corresponds to -273.15 °C.

Question 19

thermal equilibrium

Answer 19

If two objects of different temperatures touch, thermal energy will move from the hotter object to the cooler object until they both reach the same temperature.
This state of balance is called thermal equilibrium.

Question 20

thermal expansion

Answer 20

When a substance is heated, it expands. Any increase in temperature will cause the particles to vibrate with more kinetic energy and move further apart. They contract when cooled.

Question 21

Write an equation that enables you to convert the Celsius scale into the kelvin scale.

Answer 21

K = °C + 273.15

Question 22

Why do most railway lines have gaps between each section of the line?

Answer 22

To allow for the expansion and contraction of the rails.