Therio final cards Flashcards
Age of boar puberty
9 mo.
Amount of sperm in boar ejaculate
150-300 ml/ejaculate; 30-60 billion sperm/ejaculate
Ideal semen qualifications
> 65% progressively motile; >100,000 sperm/ml; >20% morphologically normal
Age of guilt puberty
6-7 mo. Or 240-300 lbs
Sow estrus length
21 days
Sow standing heat
Follicle secretes estradiol which allows for a 2-3 day standing heat
Sow ovulation timing
36-44 hours from the onset of estrus (2/3 through)
When will sow CL respond to PGF2a?
After day 12-13
Method for heat detection in swine production?
Back pressure test
Early embryonic death in the sow
20-30% die within the first 30 days, another 10% until term (But remember: 100% of the oocytes are fertilized)
When do embryos enter the uterus in the sow?
2-4 days after conception
Do pig embryos migrate in the uterus?
Yes, for 2 weeks
When does pig embryo implantation occur?
day 14-18
What is pig maternal recognition of pregnancy?
Embryos secrete estradiol between day 10-11
Is sow pregnancy CL dependent?
Yes
What prevents PGF2a from terminating the pregnancy after 13 days in the sow?
A second E2 wave occurs at day 14 that blocks PGF2a action on the CL
What is needed for prego maintenance in the sow?
2 embryos per horn up to 39 days, then 2 fetuses total post 30 days
Gestation length of sow
114 days (3 mo. 3 wk. 3 d.)
Variable little size of sow
11 average
Sow placentation
Diffuse, epitheliochorial
Pregnancy diagnosis in sow
Failure to return to estrus after 17-25 days, Rectal palpation after 30 days (fremitus), Doppler after 30 days- fetal heart or uterine artery, US: 16-20 days rectally (>21 d. Transabdominally)
Average forrowing time in sow
2-5 hours, pigs delivered in 15 min intervals, Placenta delivered 4 hours after delivery
When are piglets weaned?
Between 21-28 days when about 7 kg
Proestrus length in cat
0-2 days
Estrus length in cat
2-19 days
Diestrus length in pseudo prego cat
40 days
Diestrus length in pregnant cat
60 days
Post estrus period in non-pregnant cat
8-10 days
Anestrus in cat
30-90 days
Are cats long or short day breeders?
Long day
How long is too long for a dog to be in estrus?
8 weeks
What is the minimum time needed for canine uterine involution?
4 months
When does ovulation occur in the dog?
1-2 days post LH peak
What P4 levels indicate LH peak in dog?
Around 2-2.9
What P4 levels mean ovulation is occurring in dog?
4-10 ng/dL
What P4 levels mean ovulation has already occurred in dog?
Values >10
How much and what type of sperm do we use for s standard vaginal AI in a dog?
250 Million PMMN, 150 million motile minimum, Fresh or chilled semen
How much and what type of sperm do we use for intrauterine AI in dog?
Frozen sperm, 100 million PMMN minimum
What 2 things signal that a bitch is in diestrus?
Increased P4 levels, Non-cornfied cells
Length of canine gestation?
57 +- 1 day from start of cytological diestrus, or 65 +- 1 day from LH peak, or 57-72 days from one breeding
When does cat ovulation occur?
24-48 hours post coital stimulation
What is the best way to mate a cat?
Begin on day 2-4 of estrus and breed 4 times in 2 hour period
When do we see cytological diestrus in dog?
8-9 days post LH peak
2-2-2-2 rule
When progesterone is 2 ng/ml assume LH peak- Ovulate 2 days later- Breed 2 days later-Breed again 2 days later- (Cytological diestrus 2 days later)
What are the 3 fractions in dog semen?
Prostatic fluid: 1 and 3; Sperm rich: 2
What is the normal amount of motility seen in dog semen?
70-80%
How many morphologically normal sperm in dog must be seen to be called “normal”?
> 80%
What stain do we use to count sperm?
Eosin Nigrin stain (“red is dead”)
Is it normal to see WBCs in canine semen?
No. That could be a sign of an ascending UTI
Azoospermia
Ejaculation of seminal fluid that does not contain sperm
Oligospermia
Low total # of sperm
Teratozoospermia
Decreased percentage of morphologically normal sperm
What value can be used to determine if there is a complete ejaculation or not in the dog?
Alkaline phosphatase: >5000 IU/L normal;
What accessory gland/s does the dog have?
Only the prostate gland
What is a bioassay for the presence of testosterone in cats?
Penile spines
The 4 positive signs of pregnancy in the cow are?
Membrane slip, feel the fetus, the placentomes, or the amniotic vesicle
Earliest detection of fluctuation Ina prego cow
> 30 days
Earliest detection of membrane slip in a prego cow
30-35 days, but not after 90
Earliest detection of an amniotic vesicle in a prego cow
From 35-65 days, too small before and membrane not turgid enough to feel after (because it’s now a feeetus)
Earliest detection of the feeetus in a prego cow
> 65 days
Earliest detection of placentomes in a prego cow
> 3 months
Earliest detection of fremitus in a prego cow
> 3.5 months
At 2 months (60 days), a cow fetus is about of the size of a ______?
Mouse
At 3 months (90 days), a smaller cow fetus would be about the size of a _______?
Rat
At 4 months (120 d), a larger cow fetus would be about the size of a _____?
Small cat
At 5 months (150 d),a cow fetus would be about the size of a ____?
Large cat
At 6 months (180 d), a cow fetus would be about the size of a _____?
Beagle
At 7 months (210 d), a cow fetus would be about the size on a _____?
German Shepard
When can you detect a cow pregnancy with ultrasound?
As early as 25 days post breeding, normally 28-34 days
When does organogenesis occur in the cow embryo?
Around 40 days- this means the baby is now called a fetus
When can you detect the gender of a cow fetus?
After 60 days using US, normally check as 62 days. See genital tubercle: if by umbilicus - boy, if by tail or hind limbs- girl
How long does stage 1 of parturition in a cow last?
2-6 hours
How long does stage 2 of partirition in a cow last?
15 - 90 mins, 45 average
How long does stage 3 of parturition in a cow last?
2-12 hours. If > 12 hours = retained fetal membrane
What signals the start of stage 2 of parturition of a cow?
The rupture of the chorioallantoic membrane
What is the number one cause of Dystocia in cows?
Large calf
What are the cardinal rules of obstetrics?
Cleanliness and lubrication
Sign an anterior presentation calf can be delivered vaginally?
Calf pasterns are 10-15 cm beyond the vulva
Sign anterior position calf can be delivered vaginally?
Both hocks appear at the vulva
What placental type does the dog have?
Enodotheliochorial, zonary, deciduate
When can you detect pregnancy by palpation in the dog?
Easiest at 31-33 days post LH peak, as early as 17-22 days post ovulation. Cannot feel after 35 days because vesicles elongate
When can you diagnose pregnancy by US in the dog?
Easiest at 25 days post LH peak, but as early as 20 days. 3-4 weeks post LH best.
What can you see the embryonic heartbeat in the fetal dog?
After 23-25 days post LH peak
What is the normal dog fetal heart rate and how does that change when the fetus gets stressed?
> 180 bpm is normal. 160-180 bpm mild to moderate stress.
When can you use relaxin to diagnose prego in the dog? In the cat?
Dog: As early as 21-22 days post breeding, at least once 28 days post LH. Cat: 28 days post breeding.
When does dog fetal skull begin to calcify?
43-45 days post LH. 45 days = skull, spine, some ribs.
When do the teeth calcify in a dog fetus?
At 61 days (58-63) post LH
How low does P4 need to drop to result in parturition or pregnancy loss?
Below 2ng/ml
Placentation of cat
Endotheliochorial zonary deciduate
Length of gestation in a cat
Range 56-71, average 65-67 days
When can you palpate pregnancy in a cat?
> 2 weeks, 2.5 weeks nodules are 2-2.5 cm diameter
When can you palpate an enlarge prego uterus in a cat?
3.5 weeks
When can you palpate fetal heads in a prego cat?
7 weeks
When can you use US to diagnose pregnancy in cats?
As early as 2.5 weeks post mating
When can you see fetal heartbeat in cat?
> 16 days
When can you see limb buds, bladder, kidneys, and the renal cortex with US in fetus of prego cat?
Limb buds - 20 days, Bladder - 30 days, Kidneys - 40 days, renal cortex and medulla - 50 days
When can you see fetal calcification in cats with radiography?
38-43 days
When can you see fetal molars in cats on radiographs?
56-63 days
What can you use in cats to estimate gestational age?
Crown-rump length
How should you change a cats diet when she is prego?
Normal food for first month, 2nd trimester (4-6 weeks): 1.5 x maintenance, 3rd trimester (> 6 weeks): 2 x maintenance
When can canine fetal GI layering be seen on US? GI peristalsis?
Layering: 58-60 days, Peristalsis: 62-64 days (Good signs that parturition is going to occur soon)
9 reasons a bitch may been to be examined for Dystocia
- Prolonged gestation, 2. Stage 1 labor > 12 hours, 3. Stage 2 labor > 4 hours with no pups produced, 4. Stage 2 labor with hard contractions > 30 minutes, 5. > 2 hours between pups, 6. Bitch is systemically ill, 7. Frank blood: valvular hemorrhage, 8. Green valvular discharge before pups, 9. Obvious abnormal presentation (pup sideways….)
When is normal uterine involution complete in the bitch?
3 months postpartum
When do the ram and the ewe reach puberty?
Ram- 6 mo, Ewe- 5-7 mo
When do the buck, doe, and pigmy goat reach puberty?
Buck: 3 mo, Doe: 5-7 mo, Pigmy: 2-3 mo
When can you first breed an sheep or goat?
6-8 months at 60% mature body weight
Length of ewe estrus cycle?
17 days
Length of doe estrus cycle?
21 days
Duration of ewe estrus?
24-36 hours
Duration of doe estrus?
12-36 hours
Time of ovulation for ewe?
24-30 hours from the start of estrus
Time of ovulation for doe?
30-36 hours from estrus onset
Optimal breeding time for ewe?
End of estrus
Optimal breeding time for doe?
At acceptance of buck (24 hrs) and again 12 hours later
What accessory sex glands do the buck and ram have?
Paired bulbourethral glands, vesicular glands, prostate, and ampulla
How many cervical rings does a ewe have?
7, and they’re tortuous
How many cervical rings does a doe have?
5 rings, and they’re aligned
Are ewes and does short or long day breeders?
Short day
How long is gestation in ewe?
About 148 days and CL dependent until 55-60 days
How long is gestation in doe?
About 150 days and CL dependent throughout
How long is ewe pregnancy dependent on the CL?
For the first 50 days
When can you preform transrectal US to diagnose pregnancy in ewe and doe?
For the first 55-60 days
When can you perform a transabdominal US to diagnose prego in ewe and doe!
26 days until term
When can you see cotyledons with US in doe/ewe?
> 30 days
When can you use radiology to diagnose prego in ewe/doe?
> 58 days, Best > 90 days. Best method to count number.
When can your perform a ballottement on ewe/sheep to check for prego?
> 100 days, Limited accuracy
What are the 2 goals or sheep/goat breeding management?
1: 3 pregos in 2 years, 2: homogenous crop of twins
Describe the sheep breeding model using CIDR for 1 and 2 breedings.
1: day 0- insert CIDR, day 12-14= CIDR removal and eCG injection, day 17 (55 hours later)- AI or mating; 2: day 0- insert CIDR, day 14- CIDR removal and eCG injection, day 16 (50 hours later)- AI/mating 1, day 17(10 hours later)- AI/mating 2;
Describe the goat breeding model using CIDR for 1 and 2 breedings.
1: day 0- insert CIDR, day 9- PGF2a and eCG injection, day 11- CIDR removal, day 13(44 hours later)- AI/mating; 2: day 0- insert CIDR, day 9- eCG injection, day 11- CIDR removal, day 13- AI/mating 1, day 14(18 hours later)- AI/mating 2;
What do you use to induce parturition in ewes, and when?
Glucocorticoids (dexamethasone) after 142 days, Parturition 36-48 hours later
What do you use to induce parturition in does, and when?
140-143 days: dexamethasone IM, >144 days, prostaglandins IM (birth 42-72 hours later). Can use a combo of glucocorticoids and dex (dex first, prostaglandins 24 hours later, parturition 32-36 hours post PGF)
Puberty in make camelids
18-24 months
Puberty in female camelids
10 months
Time of first breeding in male and female camelids?
Male: 2 years, Female: 12-13 months or 33 kgs
Length of estrus cycle in camelids?
No true cycle
Time of ovulation in camelids?
Induced ovulators, 24 hours post breeding
What size does female camelids follicle need to be before inducing ovulation?
7 mm or larger
What horn do camelids most likely get pregnant in?
Left horn
Gestation length of camelids?
335-360 days, can be longer
Are camelids CL dependent until term?
Yes
What type of placenta do camelids have?
Epitheliochorial, diffuse, microcotyledonary, non-deciduate (Same as horses)
When is a follicle considered cystic in a female camelid?
When it is greater than 12 mm
Common bacteria isolated in the uterus relates to endometritis?
Strep spp., E. Coli, Staph spp., Bacillus spp., Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium necrophorum
How can we use P4 to tell us if a camelid is pregnant?
Test the serum levels 21 days after breeding- If > 1 ng/ml she is probably prego (Could also mean hydrometra, mucometra, pyo, metritis)
When can you diagnose pregnancy with palpation per rectum in a llama?
> 35 days post breeding- Left uterine horn will be fluid filled
When is an embryonic vesicle visible via US in prego camelid?
12-16 days after mating
When is the embryonic heartbeat visible with US in prego camelid?
24-26 days
Where do you look for uterus in camelid with transabdominal US 60-90 post breeding?
Through the left abdominal wall
Where do you look for camelid uterus with transabdominal US 90 days post breeding?
Right abdominal wall, 5 cm cranial to udder
When does organs loss in camelids occur?
Significant loss occurs
Causes of Dystocia in camelids?
70% anterior presentation with head and neck bent backwards, 30% posterior presentation, Dorso-pubic position
2 bacteria we covers that cause abortion in cows?
Lepto and camplylobacter
2 viruses we covered that cause abortion in cows?
IBR, BVDV
Asthenozoospermia
Less than 70% progressively motile sperm
