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Theriogenology > Therio final cards > Flashcards

Therio final cards Flashcards

1
Q

Age of boar puberty

A

9 mo.

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2
Q

Amount of sperm in boar ejaculate

A

150-300 ml/ejaculate; 30-60 billion sperm/ejaculate

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3
Q

Ideal semen qualifications

A

> 65% progressively motile; >100,000 sperm/ml; >20% morphologically normal

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4
Q

Age of guilt puberty

A

6-7 mo. Or 240-300 lbs

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5
Q

Sow estrus length

A

21 days

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6
Q

Sow standing heat

A

Follicle secretes estradiol which allows for a 2-3 day standing heat

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7
Q

Sow ovulation timing

A

36-44 hours from the onset of estrus (2/3 through)

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8
Q

When will sow CL respond to PGF2a?

A

After day 12-13

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9
Q

Method for heat detection in swine production?

A

Back pressure test

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10
Q

Early embryonic death in the sow

A

20-30% die within the first 30 days, another 10% until term (But remember: 100% of the oocytes are fertilized)

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11
Q

When do embryos enter the uterus in the sow?

A

2-4 days after conception

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12
Q

Do pig embryos migrate in the uterus?

A

Yes, for 2 weeks

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13
Q

When does pig embryo implantation occur?

A

day 14-18

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14
Q

What is pig maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

Embryos secrete estradiol between day 10-11

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15
Q

Is sow pregnancy CL dependent?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What prevents PGF2a from terminating the pregnancy after 13 days in the sow?

A

A second E2 wave occurs at day 14 that blocks PGF2a action on the CL

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17
Q

What is needed for prego maintenance in the sow?

A

2 embryos per horn up to 39 days, then 2 fetuses total post 30 days

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18
Q

Gestation length of sow

A

114 days (3 mo. 3 wk. 3 d.)

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19
Q

Variable little size of sow

A

11 average

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20
Q

Sow placentation

A

Diffuse, epitheliochorial

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21
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis in sow

A

Failure to return to estrus after 17-25 days, Rectal palpation after 30 days (fremitus), Doppler after 30 days- fetal heart or uterine artery, US: 16-20 days rectally (>21 d. Transabdominally)

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22
Q

Average forrowing time in sow

A

2-5 hours, pigs delivered in 15 min intervals, Placenta delivered 4 hours after delivery

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23
Q

When are piglets weaned?

A

Between 21-28 days when about 7 kg

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24
Q

Proestrus length in cat

A

0-2 days

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25
Q

Estrus length in cat

A

2-19 days

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26
Q

Diestrus length in pseudo prego cat

A

40 days

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27
Q

Diestrus length in pregnant cat

A

60 days

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28
Q

Post estrus period in non-pregnant cat

A

8-10 days

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29
Q

Anestrus in cat

A

30-90 days

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30
Q

Are cats long or short day breeders?

A

Long day

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31
Q

How long is too long for a dog to be in estrus?

A

8 weeks

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32
Q

What is the minimum time needed for canine uterine involution?

A

4 months

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33
Q

When does ovulation occur in the dog?

A

1-2 days post LH peak

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34
Q

What P4 levels indicate LH peak in dog?

A

Around 2-2.9

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35
Q

What P4 levels mean ovulation is occurring in dog?

A

4-10 ng/dL

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36
Q

What P4 levels mean ovulation has already occurred in dog?

A

Values >10

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37
Q

How much and what type of sperm do we use for s standard vaginal AI in a dog?

A

250 Million PMMN, 150 million motile minimum, Fresh or chilled semen

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38
Q

How much and what type of sperm do we use for intrauterine AI in dog?

A

Frozen sperm, 100 million PMMN minimum

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39
Q

What 2 things signal that a bitch is in diestrus?

A

Increased P4 levels, Non-cornfied cells

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40
Q

Length of canine gestation?

A

57 +- 1 day from start of cytological diestrus, or 65 +- 1 day from LH peak, or 57-72 days from one breeding

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41
Q

When does cat ovulation occur?

A

24-48 hours post coital stimulation

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42
Q

What is the best way to mate a cat?

A

Begin on day 2-4 of estrus and breed 4 times in 2 hour period

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43
Q

When do we see cytological diestrus in dog?

A

8-9 days post LH peak

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44
Q

2-2-2-2 rule

A

When progesterone is 2 ng/ml assume LH peak- Ovulate 2 days later- Breed 2 days later-Breed again 2 days later- (Cytological diestrus 2 days later)

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45
Q

What are the 3 fractions in dog semen?

A

Prostatic fluid: 1 and 3; Sperm rich: 2

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46
Q

What is the normal amount of motility seen in dog semen?

A

70-80%

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47
Q

How many morphologically normal sperm in dog must be seen to be called “normal”?

A

> 80%

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48
Q

What stain do we use to count sperm?

A

Eosin Nigrin stain (“red is dead”)

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49
Q

Is it normal to see WBCs in canine semen?

A

No. That could be a sign of an ascending UTI

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50
Q

Azoospermia

A

Ejaculation of seminal fluid that does not contain sperm

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51
Q

Oligospermia

A

Low total # of sperm

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52
Q

Teratozoospermia

A

Decreased percentage of morphologically normal sperm

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53
Q

What value can be used to determine if there is a complete ejaculation or not in the dog?

A

Alkaline phosphatase: >5000 IU/L normal;

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54
Q

What accessory gland/s does the dog have?

A

Only the prostate gland

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55
Q

What is a bioassay for the presence of testosterone in cats?

A

Penile spines

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56
Q

The 4 positive signs of pregnancy in the cow are?

A

Membrane slip, feel the fetus, the placentomes, or the amniotic vesicle

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57
Q

Earliest detection of fluctuation Ina prego cow

A

> 30 days

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58
Q

Earliest detection of membrane slip in a prego cow

A

30-35 days, but not after 90

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59
Q

Earliest detection of an amniotic vesicle in a prego cow

A

From 35-65 days, too small before and membrane not turgid enough to feel after (because it’s now a feeetus)

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60
Q

Earliest detection of the feeetus in a prego cow

A

> 65 days

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61
Q

Earliest detection of placentomes in a prego cow

A

> 3 months

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62
Q

Earliest detection of fremitus in a prego cow

A

> 3.5 months

63
Q

At 2 months (60 days), a cow fetus is about of the size of a ______?

A

Mouse

64
Q

At 3 months (90 days), a smaller cow fetus would be about the size of a _______?

A

Rat

65
Q

At 4 months (120 d), a larger cow fetus would be about the size of a _____?

A

Small cat

66
Q

At 5 months (150 d),a cow fetus would be about the size of a ____?

A

Large cat

67
Q

At 6 months (180 d), a cow fetus would be about the size of a _____?

A

Beagle

68
Q

At 7 months (210 d), a cow fetus would be about the size on a _____?

A

German Shepard

69
Q

When can you detect a cow pregnancy with ultrasound?

A

As early as 25 days post breeding, normally 28-34 days

70
Q

When does organogenesis occur in the cow embryo?

A

Around 40 days- this means the baby is now called a fetus

71
Q

When can you detect the gender of a cow fetus?

A

After 60 days using US, normally check as 62 days. See genital tubercle: if by umbilicus - boy, if by tail or hind limbs- girl

72
Q

How long does stage 1 of parturition in a cow last?

A

2-6 hours

73
Q

How long does stage 2 of partirition in a cow last?

A

15 - 90 mins, 45 average

74
Q

How long does stage 3 of parturition in a cow last?

A

2-12 hours. If > 12 hours = retained fetal membrane

75
Q

What signals the start of stage 2 of parturition of a cow?

A

The rupture of the chorioallantoic membrane

76
Q

What is the number one cause of Dystocia in cows?

A

Large calf

77
Q

What are the cardinal rules of obstetrics?

A

Cleanliness and lubrication

78
Q

Sign an anterior presentation calf can be delivered vaginally?

A

Calf pasterns are 10-15 cm beyond the vulva

79
Q

Sign anterior position calf can be delivered vaginally?

A

Both hocks appear at the vulva

80
Q

What placental type does the dog have?

A

Enodotheliochorial, zonary, deciduate

81
Q

When can you detect pregnancy by palpation in the dog?

A

Easiest at 31-33 days post LH peak, as early as 17-22 days post ovulation. Cannot feel after 35 days because vesicles elongate

82
Q

When can you diagnose pregnancy by US in the dog?

A

Easiest at 25 days post LH peak, but as early as 20 days. 3-4 weeks post LH best.

83
Q

What can you see the embryonic heartbeat in the fetal dog?

A

After 23-25 days post LH peak

84
Q

What is the normal dog fetal heart rate and how does that change when the fetus gets stressed?

A

> 180 bpm is normal. 160-180 bpm mild to moderate stress.

85
Q

When can you use relaxin to diagnose prego in the dog? In the cat?

A

Dog: As early as 21-22 days post breeding, at least once 28 days post LH. Cat: 28 days post breeding.

86
Q

When does dog fetal skull begin to calcify?

A

43-45 days post LH. 45 days = skull, spine, some ribs.

87
Q

When do the teeth calcify in a dog fetus?

A

At 61 days (58-63) post LH

88
Q

How low does P4 need to drop to result in parturition or pregnancy loss?

A

Below 2ng/ml

89
Q

Placentation of cat

A

Endotheliochorial zonary deciduate

90
Q

Length of gestation in a cat

A

Range 56-71, average 65-67 days

91
Q

When can you palpate pregnancy in a cat?

A

> 2 weeks, 2.5 weeks nodules are 2-2.5 cm diameter

92
Q

When can you palpate an enlarge prego uterus in a cat?

A

3.5 weeks

93
Q

When can you palpate fetal heads in a prego cat?

A

7 weeks

94
Q

When can you use US to diagnose pregnancy in cats?

A

As early as 2.5 weeks post mating

95
Q

When can you see fetal heartbeat in cat?

A

> 16 days

96
Q

When can you see limb buds, bladder, kidneys, and the renal cortex with US in fetus of prego cat?

A

Limb buds - 20 days, Bladder - 30 days, Kidneys - 40 days, renal cortex and medulla - 50 days

97
Q

When can you see fetal calcification in cats with radiography?

A

38-43 days

98
Q

When can you see fetal molars in cats on radiographs?

A

56-63 days

99
Q

What can you use in cats to estimate gestational age?

A

Crown-rump length

100
Q

How should you change a cats diet when she is prego?

A

Normal food for first month, 2nd trimester (4-6 weeks): 1.5 x maintenance, 3rd trimester (> 6 weeks): 2 x maintenance

101
Q

When can canine fetal GI layering be seen on US? GI peristalsis?

A

Layering: 58-60 days, Peristalsis: 62-64 days (Good signs that parturition is going to occur soon)

102
Q

9 reasons a bitch may been to be examined for Dystocia

A
  1. Prolonged gestation, 2. Stage 1 labor > 12 hours, 3. Stage 2 labor > 4 hours with no pups produced, 4. Stage 2 labor with hard contractions > 30 minutes, 5. > 2 hours between pups, 6. Bitch is systemically ill, 7. Frank blood: valvular hemorrhage, 8. Green valvular discharge before pups, 9. Obvious abnormal presentation (pup sideways….)
103
Q

When is normal uterine involution complete in the bitch?

A

3 months postpartum

104
Q

When do the ram and the ewe reach puberty?

A

Ram- 6 mo, Ewe- 5-7 mo

105
Q

When do the buck, doe, and pigmy goat reach puberty?

A

Buck: 3 mo, Doe: 5-7 mo, Pigmy: 2-3 mo

106
Q

When can you first breed an sheep or goat?

A

6-8 months at 60% mature body weight

107
Q

Length of ewe estrus cycle?

A

17 days

108
Q

Length of doe estrus cycle?

A

21 days

109
Q

Duration of ewe estrus?

A

24-36 hours

110
Q

Duration of doe estrus?

A

12-36 hours

111
Q

Time of ovulation for ewe?

A

24-30 hours from the start of estrus

112
Q

Time of ovulation for doe?

A

30-36 hours from estrus onset

113
Q

Optimal breeding time for ewe?

A

End of estrus

114
Q

Optimal breeding time for doe?

A

At acceptance of buck (24 hrs) and again 12 hours later

115
Q

What accessory sex glands do the buck and ram have?

A

Paired bulbourethral glands, vesicular glands, prostate, and ampulla

116
Q

How many cervical rings does a ewe have?

A

7, and they’re tortuous

117
Q

How many cervical rings does a doe have?

A

5 rings, and they’re aligned

118
Q

Are ewes and does short or long day breeders?

A

Short day

119
Q

How long is gestation in ewe?

A

About 148 days and CL dependent until 55-60 days

120
Q

How long is gestation in doe?

A

About 150 days and CL dependent throughout

121
Q

How long is ewe pregnancy dependent on the CL?

A

For the first 50 days

122
Q

When can you preform transrectal US to diagnose pregnancy in ewe and doe?

A

For the first 55-60 days

123
Q

When can you perform a transabdominal US to diagnose prego in ewe and doe!

A

26 days until term

124
Q

When can you see cotyledons with US in doe/ewe?

A

> 30 days

125
Q

When can you use radiology to diagnose prego in ewe/doe?

A

> 58 days, Best > 90 days. Best method to count number.

126
Q

When can your perform a ballottement on ewe/sheep to check for prego?

A

> 100 days, Limited accuracy

127
Q

What are the 2 goals or sheep/goat breeding management?

A

1: 3 pregos in 2 years, 2: homogenous crop of twins

128
Q

Describe the sheep breeding model using CIDR for 1 and 2 breedings.

A

1: day 0- insert CIDR, day 12-14= CIDR removal and eCG injection, day 17 (55 hours later)- AI or mating; 2: day 0- insert CIDR, day 14- CIDR removal and eCG injection, day 16 (50 hours later)- AI/mating 1, day 17(10 hours later)- AI/mating 2;

129
Q

Describe the goat breeding model using CIDR for 1 and 2 breedings.

A

1: day 0- insert CIDR, day 9- PGF2a and eCG injection, day 11- CIDR removal, day 13(44 hours later)- AI/mating; 2: day 0- insert CIDR, day 9- eCG injection, day 11- CIDR removal, day 13- AI/mating 1, day 14(18 hours later)- AI/mating 2;

130
Q

What do you use to induce parturition in ewes, and when?

A

Glucocorticoids (dexamethasone) after 142 days, Parturition 36-48 hours later

131
Q

What do you use to induce parturition in does, and when?

A

140-143 days: dexamethasone IM, >144 days, prostaglandins IM (birth 42-72 hours later). Can use a combo of glucocorticoids and dex (dex first, prostaglandins 24 hours later, parturition 32-36 hours post PGF)

132
Q

Puberty in make camelids

A

18-24 months

133
Q

Puberty in female camelids

A

10 months

134
Q

Time of first breeding in male and female camelids?

A

Male: 2 years, Female: 12-13 months or 33 kgs

135
Q

Length of estrus cycle in camelids?

A

No true cycle

136
Q

Time of ovulation in camelids?

A

Induced ovulators, 24 hours post breeding

137
Q

What size does female camelids follicle need to be before inducing ovulation?

A

7 mm or larger

138
Q

What horn do camelids most likely get pregnant in?

A

Left horn

139
Q

Gestation length of camelids?

A

335-360 days, can be longer

140
Q

Are camelids CL dependent until term?

A

Yes

141
Q

What type of placenta do camelids have?

A

Epitheliochorial, diffuse, microcotyledonary, non-deciduate (Same as horses)

142
Q

When is a follicle considered cystic in a female camelid?

A

When it is greater than 12 mm

143
Q

Common bacteria isolated in the uterus relates to endometritis?

A

Strep spp., E. Coli, Staph spp., Bacillus spp., Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium necrophorum

144
Q

How can we use P4 to tell us if a camelid is pregnant?

A

Test the serum levels 21 days after breeding- If > 1 ng/ml she is probably prego (Could also mean hydrometra, mucometra, pyo, metritis)

145
Q

When can you diagnose pregnancy with palpation per rectum in a llama?

A

> 35 days post breeding- Left uterine horn will be fluid filled

146
Q

When is an embryonic vesicle visible via US in prego camelid?

A

12-16 days after mating

147
Q

When is the embryonic heartbeat visible with US in prego camelid?

A

24-26 days

148
Q

Where do you look for uterus in camelid with transabdominal US 60-90 post breeding?

A

Through the left abdominal wall

149
Q

Where do you look for camelid uterus with transabdominal US 90 days post breeding?

A

Right abdominal wall, 5 cm cranial to udder

150
Q

When does organs loss in camelids occur?

A

Significant loss occurs

151
Q

Causes of Dystocia in camelids?

A

70% anterior presentation with head and neck bent backwards, 30% posterior presentation, Dorso-pubic position

152
Q

2 bacteria we covers that cause abortion in cows?

A

Lepto and camplylobacter

153
Q

2 viruses we covered that cause abortion in cows?

A

IBR, BVDV

154
Q

Asthenozoospermia

A

Less than 70% progressively motile sperm

Theriogenology (1 decks)

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