therapies exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Who is Aaron Beck
A
Father of cognitive therapy
created cognitive therapy which transformed into cognitive behavioral therapy
2
Q
what is the cognitive theory of depression
A
Becks hypothesis that negative thinking patterns contributed and sustained depressive symptoms
3
Q
what sustains depression
A
maladaptive cognitive patterns
4
Q
what is the cognitive triad
A
negative view of self, negative view of the world, negative view of the future
5
Q
what are cognitive distortions
A
biased ways of thinking that contribute to emotional distress
6
Q
what are 4 examples of common cognitive distortions
A
all or nothing thinking; if I fail this, I’m a total failure
catastrophizing: expecting the worst case scenario
overgeneralization: if I’m bad at this, I’m bad at everything
mind reading: she didn’t respond, she must hate me
7
Q
simply explain CBT
A
cognitive restructuring with behavioral modification
8
Q
important components of CBT
A
Cognitive restructuring
Behavioral activation
Exposure therapy
Thought records
9
Q
what is cognitive restructuring
A
identifying, challenging, and replacing negative thoughts
10
Q
what is behavioral activation
A
encouraging positive activities to break negative patterns
11
Q
what is exposure therapy
A
gradual exposure to feared situations to reduce avoidance
12
Q
what is thought recording
A
tracking and analyzing thoughts to ID patterns
13
Q
CBT is best used for what
A
depression
GAD
OCD
PTSD
SUD
14
Q
what are some other things created by Beck
A
Beck depression inventory
Beck anxiety inventory
Beck hopelessness scale
15
Q
what does Cognitive behavioral therapy do
A
helps pts ID and challenge negative thought patterns and replace them with balanced and realistic thoughts
16
Q
who was Albert Ellis
A
american psychologist and psychotherapist. developed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). Laid the groundwork for CBT
17
Q
what is REBT
A
one of the first forms of cognitive therapy, it emphasizes that people disturb themselves with their own irrational beliefs
18
Q
Core beliefs of REBT
A
NOT external events that cause emotional distress
INTERPRETATION (our beliefs) of those events lead to distress
change of beliefs changes how we feel and behave
19
Q
who created the ABC model of emotional distress
A
Ellis
20
Q
explain the ABC model
A
A= activating event happens
B= belief is made about the event
C= consequence of belief (happy/sad) occurs
21
Q
Ellis believed mental distress came from…
A
rigid, extreme, and unrealistic beliefs = irrational beliefs
22
Q
what was Ellis’ belief about cognitive restructuring with REBT
A
if you change the thought you have about an incident, you can change the impact of the incident
23
Q
what are disputation techniques
A
Socratic questioning
Catastrophe scale
Alternative perspectives
24
Q
what does socratic questioning ask?
A
Where is the evidence this is true
25
what does catastrophe scale do
measures on a scale (1-10) how bad is this
26
what does alternative perspectives ask
How else can I percieve this situation
27
what did Ellis believe about acceptance
that unconditional acceptance allows for growth of mental health
28
what did Ellis believe about emotional responsibility and resilience
individuals should take responsibility for their own emotions by taking responsibility for their perception of the event. Instead of "my boss made me angry" -----> "I feel angry because of the interaction between myself and my boss."
29
what techniques did Ellis use with REBT
Exposure therapy- facing fears to stop avoidance
Behavioral assignment- act opposite to the usual behavior
Shame attacking- purposely make small mistakes to reduce fear
30
difference between REBT and CBT
REBT emphasizes changing irrational beliefs, CBT emphasizes restructuring negative thought
REBT people disturb themselves with rigid ideas, CBT thought patterns contribute to distress
REBT is direct and confrontational, CBT is collaborative and gradual
REBT develops rational, flexible thinking, CBT changes maladaptive thougths
31
who is Dolores Krieger
american nurse, researcher who developed Therapeutic Touch
32
what is therapeutic touch
holistic energy based healing practice. Practitioners use their hands to move the patients energy to rebalance them. Helps to reduce stress, anxiety, and emotional distress
33
core premise of TT
bodily energy can become imbalanced due to stress, illness, or emotions.
when energies are realigned it helps the patient recover
34
5 steps of TT
Centering- practitioner focuses, calms and meditates
Assessment- practitioner scans detects imbalances (warmth, tension)
Unruffling- gentle sweeping of hands to move energy
Directing- use of focused intention to place energy
Grounding/closure- end of session
35
how does TT and MH work together
Reduces stress- lowers cortisol levels
Supports- non invasive direction of energy and caring
Emo regulation- pts feel more grounded and balanced
36
who is Piaget
Swiss psychologist theory of cognitive development that explains how children develop thinking, reasoning, and problem solving over time.
37
explain Piagets cognitive development stage ages
Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)
Preoperational (2 - 7 years)
Concrete operational (7 - 11 years)
Formal operational (12+ years)
38
describe Piagets sensorimotor stage
learning through sensory experiences and movement.
OBJECT PERMANENCE= objects exist even when out of sight
39
what is the relevance of Piaget's sensorimotor stage
lack of secure attachment here may lead to emotional dysregulation and attachment disorders. Focus should be on early bonding and sensory processing
40
describe Piagets preoperational stage
children develop language and symbolic thought, they have difficulty seeing others perspectives, difficulty understanding something is the same even in a different shape
41
what is the relevance of Piagets preoperational stage
emotional outbursts may be d/t egocentric thinking. belief that thoughts cause things to happen. Play therapy is effective here
42
describe Paigets concrete operational stage
thinking becomes logical and organized with concrete objects, understanding of cause and effect, the same things can take on different shapes, can solve basic problems
43
what is the relevance of Piagets concrete operational stage
CBT more effective b/c children can problem solve and self reflect
learning disabilities become more apparent. Children can understand emotions and empathy, good for groups
44
describe Piagets formal operational stage
develop abstract thinking, reasoning and thinking about thinking (metacognition)
45
what is the relevance of Piagets concrete operational stage
cognitive distortions start (thinking about what others are thinking of them) contributes to anxiety and depression. May cause identity struggles. May have difficulties with abstract thinking with ADHD and autism
46
what are schemas
Piagets idea that people create catagories (schemas) that allow them to fit things into catagories (buildings go together) (emotions go together)
47
what is assimilation in regard to schemas
how we decide what goes into each schema
48
what is accomodation in regard to schemas
how we decide if different things go into certain schemas (good and bad emotions go into the same catagory)
49
what happens when schemas are incorrect
"bad" information can be placed into "good" schema catagories leading the brain to think something "bad" is "good" or bad thoughts get put into schema about truths
50
how does CBT work with schemas
CBT helps the person to recognize when and where the schema is incorrect and helps them to restructure it
51
can CBT be used with young children
yes, although it may need to be simplified by using visual aids or role playing
52
how do delays in abstract thinking and problem solving impact children
it impairs their ability to regulate emotions and behaviors
53
what are some criticisms of Piaget
he underestimated the role of social and cultural factors on cognitive development. Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier than he thought
54
who is B.F. Skinner
american psychologist and behaviorist. He explained how behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment, i.e. operant conditioning
55
what is Skinners theories good for
ADHD, addiction, anxiety, depression, neurodevelopmental disorders
56
what is operant conditioning
theory that behavior is shaped by consequences. if a behavior is reinforced by gaining what you want or something good, you're more likely to repeat the behavior.
If the behavior is met with something negative, you're less likely to repeat the behavior
57
explain the difference between positive and negative reinforcement
+ adding a pleasant stimulus to encourage behavior
- removing an UNpleasant stimulus to encourage behavior
58
explain the difference between positive and negative punishment
+ adding an UNpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior
- removing a PLEASANT stimulus to decrease behavior
59
why is it important to understand negative reinforcement
this type of reinforcement is good for those who avoid social scenarios because it allows them a reprive from the social setting once they have faced the anxiety provoking situation
60
why did Skinner like reinforcement schedules
he found different reinforcement schedules affected how quickly and strongly behaviors changed
61
how many reinforcement schedules are there and what are they
5
Continuous reinforcement- reward every time the bahvior occurs
Fixed ratio- reward after a certain # of desired behaviors
Variable ratio- reward after an unknown # of desired behaviors
Fixed interval- reward after a certain amount of time
Variable interval- reward at an UNknown time
62
gambling is an example of what type of reward
variable (ratio or interval) unknown when you'll get the reward
63
what type of reward system is good for ADHD and autism
fixed ratio or interval
64
what are 3 behavioral therapy applications
applied behavior analysis
exposure therapy
token economies
65
explain applied behavior analysis
behavior is evaluted for what is right and what is wrong
goals are set for what the outcome should look like
strategies are set for getting from point A to point B
evaluation is ongoing
goal is moved if necessary
(breaking down large tasks into small digestible ones)
66
explain exposure therapy
good for Phobias, OCD, PTSD
gradual exposure to offending agent with positive reinforcement
allows for systematic desensitization
67
explain token economies
often used in inpatient settings
patient earn a token for positive behaviors that can be exchanged for rewards or priviledges
68
how does positive reinforcement with drug use occur
do the drug=get the dopamine
those in the drug use social setting encourage the behavior or can be accepting of the person when they use
69
how does negative reinforcement with drug use occur
removal of drugs causes withdrawal which is unpleasant, they want to use again
avoid stress or trauma (pain) maintains the addiction
70
how does motivational interviewing help as a behavioral intervention
reinforcement strategies are used to promote behavior change
71
limitation for Skinners ideas
focuses only on actions and not the thought or emotions that go with them or that may spur them
72
who is Yalom
psychiatrist and psychotherapist who contributed to existential psychotherapy and group therapy. Lots of focus on the therapeutic process and therapeutic relationship
73
discuss Yaloms existential psychotherapy
based on universal concerns that shape the human condition; death, freedom, isolation, meaninglessness
74
how does death impact our lives
the awareness of our mortality influences our choices and behaviors
75
how does freedom impact our lives
we understand that we have responsibility and autonomy in how we live our lives
76
how does isolation impact our lives
we understand there is emotional and existential loneliness in the world
77
how does meaninglessness impact our lives
it makes us strive for purpose or to see purpose in the randomness
78
what is the therapeutic relationship
the relationship between the patient and the provider that focuses on the here and now, authentic interactions, and empathy and understanding
79
what are the key therapeutic factors for group therapy
universality
instillation of hope
alturism
cohesion
imparting of information
developing socializing techniques
recreating the family group
imitating behavior
interpersonal learning
catharsis
80
what is the use of self in therapy
therapist uses their own emotions and beliefs to model authentic engagement
81
who is Maslow
psychologist know for his heirarcy of needs.
82
what does Maslows heirarchy of needs assume
that all humans have the same basic needs that must be met in order to move on to the next need to finally reach enlightenment
83
what are Maslows heirarchy of needs
1. physiologic needs
2. safety needs
3. esteem needs
4. self actualization
84
what does Maslows physiologic needs include
basic needs for survival (food, water, shelter, and sleep)
85
what does Maslows safety need include
security, stability, protection from harm (physical, emotional, and socially)
86
what does Maslows esteem need include
recognition, respect, accomplishments, and self-esteem
87
what does Maslows self actualization include
ability to fulfill ones own potential and egage in personal growth.
88
how are Maslows needs relevant to MH
if a need is not met it can create stress in that area and stop the person from growing. It also helps with MH by helping to understand what drives the patient to do certain things.
89
what is the purpose of group therapy
provide a therapeutic environment with others who have similar issues. Provide a family like environment that offers support, feed-back and different perspectives
90
characteristics of group therapy
structured environment
mutual support
common goals
facilitated by a therapist
has cohesion between members
91
stages of group therapy
forming
storming
norming
performing
adjourning
92
explain the forming stage of group therapy
come together, introduce, figure out structure and purpose. May have hesitancy of some members
93
explain the storming stage of group therapy
begin to express thoughts and emotions. navigation of personalities and differing opinions
94
explain the norming stage of group therapy
establish norms, roles, expectations. Trust and cooperation are built, working toward the goals
95
explain the performing stage of group therapy
working effectively toward the goal, providing support and problem solving. Highest level of function
96
explain the adjourning stage of group therapy
goal is achieved or almost done. Reflection and say good-bye
97
what leadership styles are used in group therapy
directive leadership
facilitative leadership
non-directive leadership
98
explain directive leadership
guidance is clear and structured, good for groups where people need a lot of direction (severe mental illness)
99
explain facilitative leadership
encourge group members to interact and share with each other. the leader is a facilitator. People are often self-directed
100
explain non-directive leadership
very minimal guidance is provided, the group leads itself. Often self-help groups
101
desired outcomes of group therapy
increased self-awareness
improved social skills
emotional support and validation
problem solving skills
reduced symptoms
102
what members are in the group
leader
contributor
quiet member
role model
resistor
scapegoat
peacemaker
PEOPLE CAN CYCLE THROUGH ALL OF THESE
103
Explain the "leader" in the group
typically the therapist, help with movement or to correct behaviors
104
explain the "contributor" in the group
ppl who actively share, they help to move the group along
105
explain the "quiet" member in the group
less input, but may be gaining a lot from others interactions
106
explain the "role model" in the group
they set examples, often have made a lot of progress or have special skills
107
explain the "resistor" in the group
challenge people or the process
108
explain the "scapegoat" in the group
target of frustrations, must be handled by the leader to prevent harm
109
explain the "peacemaker" in the group
mediate conflicts help restore harmony
110
types of therapy
CT
BT
CBT
DBT
IPT
Narrative therapy
Supportive therapy
111
explain cognitive therapy (CT)
believes thoughts influence emotions and behaviors. Focuses on ID and challenging distorted or unhelpful thinking to improve emotional regulation.
Recognize negative thought patterns and replaces with balanced realsitic thoughts. Reframing thinking
112
explain behavioral therapy (BT)
modifying harmful behaviors through reinforcement, punishment, and modeling. Work to ID behaviors (avoidance or maladaptive) and replace with positive ones.
113
explain cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
focuses on cognitive distortions lead to maladaptive behaviors. What automatic thought instigates the behavior that is displayed
114
explain dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
specifically for BPD!!
Helps to tolerate distress by regulating emotions by becoming more mindful.
115
explain interpersonal therapy (ITP)
time limited. Focuses on improving social functioning and interpersonal relationships to address stresses.
116
explain narrative therapy
therapist helps the patient reframe and rewrite their life story, giving them more control. Allows them to see their problems in more manageable light. Helps to foster strength and resilience
117
explain supportive therapy
provides emotional support and guidance and reassurance. Helps to strengthen coping for future crisis or stress.
Good for beginning stages where the person needs someone to listen without judgment.
118
what are therapy approaches (3)
modeling
flooding
systematic desensitization
119
how does modeling work
therapist demostrates a specific behavior for the patient to observe and imitate. Based on social learning theory
120
how does flooding work
exposure therapy. Pt is exposed to their phobia in a very intense and prolonged manner
121
how does systematic desensitization work
Graded exposure. Exposing to a feared stimulus in a step by step manner. Uses relaxation training.
122
what is milieu therapy
used in psych care settings. uses the environment as a tool. It encourages positive interactions, self-reflection, and social learning
123
what are some things about the patient that can affect their ability to benefit from milieu therapy
their social, economic, and cultural background.
124
what do CAMs include
complementary medicine
alternative medicine
integrative medicine
125
explain what complementary medicine is and give an example
used ALONGSIDE conventional medicine. includes yoga, aromatherapy, meditation, massage
126
explain what alternative medicine is and given an example
used IN PLACE of conventional medicine. Herbal medicine and homeopathy
127
explain what integrative medicine is and given an example
COMBINATION of conventional and CAM. emphasizes the integration of mind and body
128
what is the basic assumption of yoga
mind-body connection aims to restore the balance between the mind and the body
129
what is the basic assumption of acupuncture?
every person has a life force (Qi) that flows through the bodys meridian. If it becomes blocked it can lead to MH issues. Acupuncture helps to reopen meridians and restore harmony within the body. IT HELPS RELEASE ENDORPHINS the bodys natural pain killers
130
what is the basic assumption of TT
every person has an energy field that can be manipulated to promote healing.
131
what is the basic assumption of biofeedback
a person can learn to control their heart rate and brain waves if they are given real time feedback about what is going on. The person can learn to calm their heart and their brain and thus anxiety.
132
what are defense mechanisms
It provides the mind with protection from the anxiety, stress, pain that may accompany the incident
denial
repression
projection
displacement
rationalization
regression
sublimation
intellectualization
Identification
fantasy
133
what is denial
refusing to acknowledge reality or facts, consciously or unconsciously.
134
what is repression
pushing distressing thoughts, feelings or memories of the consciousness
135
what is projection
attributing ones own thoughts, feelings or memories onto someone else
136
what is displacement
redirecting of emotions (usually anger) onto a safer person
137
what is rationalization
creating logical or acceptable excuses for behaviors that are actual unacceptable
138
what is regression
reverting to coping mechanisms from an early age
139
what is sublimation
channeling unacceptable emotions or impulses into socially acceptable activities
140
what is intellectualization
using logic and reasoning to avoid confronting emotional aspects of a situation
141
what is identification
adopting the behaviors of someone else that is admired or who has power
142
what is fantasy
escaping reality by going to an imagined world
