Theory/ Patho Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Surgery

A

The art and science of treating diseases, injuries, and deformities by operation and instrumentation

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2
Q

Surgery: Performed For

A
Diagnosis 
Cure
Palliation
Prevention
Exploration
Cosmetic improvement
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3
Q

Classification of Surgery: Urgency, Phases of Surgery

A
Urgency
A Case‐ Emergency
B Case‐ Urgent
C Case‐ Elective
Phases of Surgery 
Preoperative
Intraoperative 
Postoperative
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4
Q

Surgery: Inpatient, Outpatient

A

Inpatient
◦ Admitted to hospital before or after surgery
Outpatient
◦ Performed either outside or in the hospital
◦ Discharged home after surgery
◦ Under local or general anesthesia

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5
Q

Informed Consent

A
  • Legal document required for procedures or therapeutic measures
  • Protects the client, nurse, physician, health care facility
  • Married minors and emancipated minors may sign consent
  • Spouses, children, significant other cannot sign instead of a capable adult
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6
Q

Pre-op Client Interview: Purpose

A
  • Obtain health information
  • Determine expectations, preparations
  • Provide and clarify information on procedure
  • Assess emotional state and readiness
  • Identify medications and herbs taken that may affect surgical outcome
  • Identify, document, and communicate results of laboratory/diagnostic tests
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7
Q

Nursing Assessment: Health History

A
Diagnosed medical conditions
Previous surgeries and problems
Menstrual/obstetric history
Familial diseases
- Conditions
Reactions/problems to anesthesia (client or family)
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8
Q

Nursing Assessment: Current Medications

A
Prescription and OTC 
Herbs
Vitamins
Recreational
• Drugs
• Alcohol 
• Tobacco
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9
Q

Nursing Assessment: Allergies (drug and non-drug)

A

Screen areas:

  • Risk factors
  • Contact dermatitis
  • Contact urticaria
  • Aerosol reactions
  • History of reactions suggesting latex allergy
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10
Q

Nursing Assessment

A
Vitals recorded preoperatively for baseline
Bleeding/clotting times
Lab reports
Possible prophylactic antibiotics
Clinical Indicators
Identify cultural and ethnic factors that may
affect surgical experience
Psychosocial assessment, fears
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11
Q

Nursing Management: Preoperative Teaching

A

Client has right to know what to expect and how to participate

  • Increases client satisfaction
  • Reduces fear, anxiety, stress, pain, and vomiting
  • Time may limit teaching
  • Information given according to priority
  • Observe and listen to client carefully to determine how much information is enough in each instance
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12
Q

Nursing Management: Preoperative Teaching

A
Assess what client wants to know
• Priority to concerns
• Usually sensory, process, and procedural information desired
Teaching documented on client’s chart
Instruction on deep breathing, coughing, and moving
post‐operatively
• Teach rationale to reinforce 
• Practice
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13
Q

Nursing Management

A
Inform clients and families if there will be tubes, drains, monitoring devices, or special equipment postoperatively
• Enable safe care of client
• Decreases client’s and family anxiety 
Provide client with information
• Fluid/food restrictions
• Possible need for enema
• Need for shower preoperatively
• Remove jewelry and prosthetics prior to surgery
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14
Q

Nursing Management: Day of Surgery Preparation

A
Final preoperative teaching
Assessment
Communication of pertinent findings to surgical
team
Verify signed consent
Completion of all pre‐operative charting
Labs
History and physical exam
Baseline vitals
Consultation records
Nurse’s notes
Consent for surgery
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15
Q

Nursing Management: Transportation to OR

A
  • In‐patients transported by stretcher to operating room from room
  • Outpatients transported by cart, wheelchair, or may walk
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16
Q

Intraoperative Care

A
  • Perioperative nursing care requires understanding of surgery, surgical interventions and the operating room environment
  • Nurses must keep current on technologies, advancement in surgeries and current anaesthetic procedures
  • Maintain asepsis in surgical environment
  • Continue to be strong advocate for client
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17
Q

Physical Environment: Operating room/ suite

A

◦ Geographically, environmentally, bacteriologically controlled
◦ Restricted in inflow and outflow of personnel
◦ Preferred location is next to post‐ anesthesia care
unit
◦ Filters
◦ Controlled airflow
◦ Positive air pressure
◦ Materials resistant to corroding

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18
Q

Surgical Team

A
  • Surgeon
  • Assistant surgeon
  • Registered nurse who circulates
  • Registered nurse first assistant
  • Registered nurse, licensed practical nurse, or surgical technician, who scrubs
  • Anesthesia care provider
  • Other specialized technical personnel
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19
Q

Classification of Anaesthesia: General/ Local anesthesia

A
General anesthesia
◦ Loss of sensation with loss of consciousness 
◦ Skeletal muscle relaxation
◦ Analgesia
Local anesthesia
◦ Loss of sensation without loss of
consciousness
◦ Topically
◦ Intracutaneously
◦ Subcutaneously
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20
Q

Classification of Anaesthesia: Conscious Sedation, Local Anesthesia

A

Conscious Sedation
- Minimally depressed level of consciousness with maintenance of client’s protective airway reflexes
Local anesthesia
◦ Produces autonomic nervous system blockade
◦ Skeletal muscle paralysis in area of affected nerve

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21
Q

Classification of Anaesthesia: Regional Anaesthesia

A

Loss of sensation in body region without loss of consciousness when specific nerve or group of nerves is blocked with administration of local anaesthetic

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22
Q

Classification of Anaesthesia: Spinal anesthesia, Regional nerve block

A

Spinal anesthesia
• Injection of agent into CSF in subarachnoid space
• Usually below L2
• Autonomic, sensory, and motor blockade
• May become hypotensive from vasodilation
Regional nerve block
• Agent injected into or around specific nerve or group of nerves

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23
Q

Classification of Anaesthesia: Epidural Block

A
  • Injection of agent into epidural space
  • Does not enter CSF
  • Binds to nerve roots as they enter and exit the spinal cord
  • Client can remain fully conscious
  • May be used for post‐operative pain control
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24
Q

Classification of Anaesthesia: IV Induction agents, Inhalation agents

A
IV induction agents
- Induce pleasant sleep 
- Rapid onset
Inhalation agents
- Enter body through alveoli
- Rapid excretion by ventilation
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25
Q

Classification fo Anaesthesia: Complications of inhalation agents

A
  • Coughing
  • Laryngospasm
  • Bronchospasm
  • Increased secretions
  • Respiratory depression
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26
Q

Classification of Anaesthesia: Adjuncts to general anaesthesia

A
  • Opioids
  • Benzodiazapines
  • Neuromuscular blocking agents - Antiemetics
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27
Q

Classification of Anaesthesia: Controlled hypotension, Hypothermia

A

Controlled hypotension
- Decrease amount of expected blood loss by lowering blood pressure during administration of anesthesia
Hypothermia
- Deliberate lowering of body temperature to
decrease metabolism
- Reduces demand for O2 and anaesthesia

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28
Q

Classification of Anaesthesia: Cryoanaesthesia, Hypnoanesthesia, Acupuncture

A

Cryoanesthesia
- Freezing localized area to block pain impulses
Hypnoanesthesia
- Hypnosis to produce alteration in pain consciousness
Acupuncture
- Decrease sensation

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29
Q

Nursing Management: Position of client

A
  • Accessibility of operative site
  • Administration and monitoring of anesthetic agents
  • Maintenance of airway
  • Correct skeletal alignment
  • Prevent pressure on nerves, skin over bony prominences, eyes
  • Provide for adequate thoracic excursion
  • Prevent occlusion of arteries and veins
  • Provide modesty in exposure
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30
Q

Nursing Management: Asepsis

A

Scrubbing, gowning, and gloving
- Cleanse hands and arms by scrubbing with detergent and brush
Basic aseptic technique
- Centre of sterile field in surgical incision
- Only sterilized items in sterile field
- Face shields
- Caps, gloves, aprons, eyewear (as appropriate)

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31
Q

Nursing Management: Preparing Surgical Site

A

Preparing surgical site
- Scrubbing or cleaning around the surgical site with antimicrobial agents
Circular motion from clean to dirty area
- Hair may be removed with clippers

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32
Q

Nursing Management: After Surgery

A

Reversal of anaesthetic agents

Anaesthesiologist and another perioperative team member accompany client to PACU and report is given

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33
Q

Care in the PACU

A

Monitoring ABCs (airway, breathing and circulation
Fluid therapy (maintain intravenous lines)
Monitoring output from catheters and drains
Condition of dressings
Level of consciousness
Providing pain control

34
Q

Care in the PACU

A
Explain all activities from admission as hearing is first sense to return
Orientation
• Explaining surgery is over 
• Location
• Family/friend notified
• Who is caring for client
35
Q

Nursing Management: Respiratory Complications, Nursing Diagnoses

A
Ineffective airway clearance
Ineffective breathing pattern
Impaired gas exchange
Risk for aspiration
Potential complication: hypoxemia
36
Q

Proper positioning to facilitate respirations and protect airway

A

• Lateral position unless contraindicated
• Client allowed in supine with HOB
elevated once conscious
• Deep breathing encouraged to facilitate gas exchange and promote return to consciousness

37
Q

Nursing Management: Cardiovascular Complications, Nursing Diagnoses

A
Decreased cardiac output
Deficient fluid volume
Ineffective tissue perfusion
Excess fluid volume
Potential complication: hypovolemic shock
38
Q

Nursing Assessment

A

Frequent monitoring of vital signs • Compare to baseline
Apical‐radial pulse carefully assessed and report irregularities
Assess skin colour, temperature, and moisture

39
Q

Nursing Implementation: Cardiovascular Complications

A

Treatment begins with administration of
oxygen therapy
Volume status assessed
• IVF boluses to normalize BP
Drug intervention
Address and eliminate cause of sympathetic nervous system stimulation
• Analgesics, voiding, correction of respiratory problems
Rewarming corrects hypothermia‐induced hypertension

40
Q

Nursing Management: Neurological Complications, Nursing Diagnoses

A

Disturbed sensory perception
Risk for injury
Disturbed thought processes
Impaired verbal communication

41
Q

Nursing Management: Neurological Complications, Nursing, Nursing Assessment

A
LOC
Orientation
Ability to follow commands
Size, reactivity, and equality of pupils
Sensory and motor status
42
Q

Nursing Management: Neurological Complications

A

Attention on evaluation of respiratory function
• Hypoxemia causes post‐operative agitation
Sedation may be beneficial for controlling agitation and providing safety
Side rails up
Secure IV lines and artificial airways
Verify presence of ID and allergy bands
Monitor physiological status

43
Q

Nursing Management: Hypothermia

A
Nursing Diagnoses
- Hypothermia
- Risk for imbalanced body temperature
Nursing Assessment
- Vital signs, including temperature
Orally, tympanic, or axillary
- Assess colour and temperature of skin
44
Q

Nursing Implementation: Hypothermia

A

Passive rewarming raises basal metabolism
Active rewarming requires application of warming devices
• Blankets, heated aerosols, radiant warmers, forced air warmers, or warm intravenous fluids
Monitor body temperature at 15‐minute intervals when using any external warming device
Skin care to prevent injuries
Oxygen therapy for increasing demand

45
Q

Nursing Management: N/V

A
Nursing Assessment
- Question about feelings of nausea
- Document characteristics of vomitus
Nursing Diagnoses 
- Nausea
- Risk for aspiration
- Risk for deficient fluid volume
46
Q

Nursing Implementation: N/V

A
  • Anitemetic or prokinetic drugs
  • Oral fluids as tolerated
  • Suction at bedside
  • Turn client’s head to side to protect from aspiration
  • Upright position
  • Slow, deep breathing
47
Q

Discharge from PACU: Ambulatory surgery discharge

A
  • Difficult to do all required teaching due to short timeframe
  • Client must be mobile and alert and able to provide a degree of self‐care
  • Pain, nausea, and vomiting must be controlled
  • Client must drink, eat and void before discharge
48
Q

Discharge from PACU

A

Client must be at or near preoperative functioning
Instructions are specific to type of anaesthesia used
• Given verbally and reinforced with written directions
Client may not drive
Follow‐up by phone

49
Q

Care of POSTOP client on Surgical Unit

A
  • PACU nurse gives report to receiving nurse summarizing operative and post‐operative periods
  • Receiving nurse assists with transfer onto bed
  • Vital signs obtained and compared to report
50
Q

Care of POSTOP Client on Surgical Unit

A
  • After transfer, in‐depth assessment done
  • Initiation of post‐operative orders
  • Early ambulation for muscle tone, GI and urinary function, stimulation of circulation, and normal respiratory function
51
Q

Potential Complication: Respiratory Function, Nursing Diagnoses

A
Ineffective airway clearance
Ineffective breathing pattern
Impaired gas exchange
Potential complication: pneumonia 
Potential complication: atelectasis
52
Q

Potential Complication: Respiratory Function, Nursing Implementation

A
Deep breathing and cough helps prevent alveolar collapse
• Incentive spirometer
• Splinting
• Diaphragmatic breathing 
• Change position q2h
53
Q

Nursing Management: Cardiovascular Complications, Nursing Diagnoses

A
Decreased cardiac output
Deficient fluid volume
Excess fluid volume
Ineffective tissue perfusion
Activity intolerance
Potential complication: thromboembolism
54
Q

Nursing Management: Cardiovascular Complications, Nursing Assessment

A

Regular monitoring of BP, HR, pulse, and skin temperature and colour
• Compare with preoperative status and post‐operative findings

55
Q

Nursing Management: Cardiovascular Complications, Nursing Implementation

A
Accurate I&Os
Monitor laboratory findings
Assessment of infusion rate of fluid replacement and infusion site
Adequate mouth care
Leg exercises
56
Q

Nursing Management: Cardiovascular Complications, Nursing Implementation

A
Elastic stockings or compressive devices
Unfractionated or low‐molecular‐weight heparin
Ambulation
• Slowly progress
• Monitor pulse
• Assess for feelings of faintness
57
Q

Nursing Management: Urinary Complications, Nursing Diagnoses

A

Impaired urinary elimination

Potential complication: acute urinary retention

58
Q

Nursing Management: Urinary Complications, Nursing Assessment

A

Urine examined for quantity and quality
• Note color, amount, consistency, and odour
Assess in‐dwelling catheters for patency
Urine output should be at least 0.5 mL/kg per hour
• In Adults approx 30 mL/hr
If no catheter, client should be able to void 200 mL following surgery
• If no voiding, abdominal contour inspected and bladder palpated and percussed for distention

59
Q

Nursing Management: Urinary Complications, Nursing Implementation

A

Position client for normal voiding
Reassure client of ability to void
Use techniques such as running water, drinking water, pouring water over perineum, ambulation, or use of bedside commode

60
Q

Potential Alterations: GI Function, Nursing Diagnoses

A

Nausea
Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements
Potential complication: paralytic ileus
Potential complication: hiccoughs

61
Q

Nursing Management: GI Function, Nursing Assessment

A

Auscultate abdomen in all four quadrants for presence, frequency, and characteristics of bowel sounds
• Can be absent or diminished in immediate post‐ operative period
• Return of bowel motility accompanied by flatus

62
Q

Potential Alterations: GI Function, Nursing Implementation

A

May resume intake upon return of gag reflex
NPO until return of bowel sounds for client with abdominal surgery
• IVF, NG for decompression
Clear liquids, advance as tolerated

63
Q

Potential Alterations: GI Function, Nursing Implementation

A
Regular mouth care when NPO
Antiemetics administered for nausea
• NG tube if symptoms persist
Early and frequent ambulation to prevent
abdominal distention
Assess client regularly for resumption of normal peristalsis
64
Q

Potential Alterations: GI Function, Nursing Implementation

A

Encourage client to expel flatus and explain
expulsion is necessary and desirable
Relief of gas pains by frequent ambulation and repositioning
Suppositories prn
Determine cause of hiccoughs

65
Q

Potential Alterations: Integument, Nursing Diagnoses

A

Risk for infection

Potential complication: impaired wound healing

66
Q

Nursing Management: Surgical Wounds, Nursing Assessment

A

Knowledge of type of wound, drains, and
expected drainage
Drainage should change from sanguineous to serosanguineous to serous with decreasing output
Wound dehiscence may be preceded by sudden brown, pink, or clear discharge

67
Q

Potential Alterations: Integument, Nursing Implementation

A

Note type, amount, colour, and consistency of drainage

Assess affect of position changes on drainage

68
Q

Potential Alterations: Integument

A

Notify surgeon of excessive or abnormal drainage and significant changes in vitals
Note number and type of drains when changing dressing
• Examine incision site
• Clean gloves and sterile technique

69
Q

Nursing Management: Pain, Nursing Diagnoses

A

Acute pain

Anxiety

70
Q

Nursing Management: Pain, Nursing Assessment

A

Observe for behavioral clues
Question clients able to verbalize
Indications of pain and question about the degree and characteristics of pain
Identify location
Measure before and after treatment is administered

71
Q

Nursing Management: Pain, Nursing Implementation

A
IV narcotics
Epidural catheters, PCA, or regional anaesthetic
blockade
Comfort measures
• Touch
• Family
• Rewarming
72
Q

Nursing Management: Pain, Nursing Implementation

A

Analgesic administration timed to ensure effectiveness during activities and comfort
Assess nature of pain
• Location, intensity, quality
Notify physician and request change of medication if order fails to relieve pain or makes client excessively somnolent

73
Q

Nursing Management: Pain, PCA

A

Patient- controlled analgesia (PCA and epidural analgesia
• Provide immediate analgesia and maintain constant, steady blood level of agent
• Self‐administration of pre‐metered doses with PCA
Patient controls when they get pain medication
Opioid medication that can be by demand or continuous infusion in conjunction with adjunct therapy
Requires frequent monitoring

74
Q

Epidural

A
  • Epidural is infusion of analgesic through catheter in epidural space to deliver medication directly to opiate receptors in spinal cord
  • Can be administered with additives such as Marcaine and oral adjunct therapy
  • Requires frequent monitoring
75
Q

Nursing Management: Altered Temperature, Nursing Diagnoses

A

Risk for imbalanced body temperature
Hyperthermia
Hypothermia

76
Q

Nursing Management: Altered Temperature, Nursing Assessment

A

Frequent temperature assessment
Observe for early signs of inflammation and
infection

77
Q

Nursing Management: Altered Temperature, Nursing Implementation

A

Measure temperature q4h for first 48 hours post‐ operatively
Asepsis with wound and IV sites
Encourage airway clearance
Chest x‐rays and cultures if infection suspected
Antipyretics and body‐cooling >39.5° C

78
Q

Nursing Management: Psychological Function, Nursing Diagnoses

A

Anxiety
Ineffective coping
Disturbed body image
Decisional conflict

79
Q

Nursing Management: Psychological Function, Nursing Implementation

A

Provide adequate support
Client must be included in discharge planning and
provided with information and support to make informed decisions about continuing care
Recognition of alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Report any unusual behavior for immediate diagnosis and treatment

80
Q

Planning for Discharge and Follow-up Care

A

Planning for discharge begins in
preoperative period
◦ Client is informed and prepared and gradually assumes greater responsibility for self‐care
◦ Client may be referred to Home Care for follow‐ up assessments and treatments
Provide information to client and caregivers
◦ Care of wound site and dressings
◦ Action and side effects of drugs and when/how to take them
◦ Dietary restrictions/modifications

81
Q

Planning for Discharge and Follow-up Care

A
Symptoms to be reported
Where and when to return for follow‐up care 
Answers to questions or concerns
Activity prescriptions or restrictions
Written instructions for reinforcement
• Document and record instructions
82
Q

Planning for Discharge and Follow-up Care

A
  • Follow‐up call or visit may assess and evaluate client after discharge
  • Working with discharge planner or case manager can facilitate transition of care from hospital‐based to community‐based and home care (depending on hospital policy)