Theory part 2

Question 1

Aspiration

Answer 1

Affects unisyllabic / p, t, k / in the onset of a strong syllable, except when / s / precedes: / p, t, k / → [ ph , th , kh ]

Question 2

Approximant devoicing

Answer 2

Affects / l, r, j, w / when they follow / p, t, k / in the same syllable, except when an /s/ precedes (happens even if the / p, t, k / is not aspirated)
Example: clue, /klu:/
→ /k/ follows /l/ in the same syllable, so that makes [khlu:]

Question 3

(Lenis) Stop Devoicing:

Answer 3

/ b, d, g / are only fully voiced when between voiced sounds
Example: bag, /bæg/
→ both /b/ and /g/ are not between 2 voiced sounds, which makes [bo ægo ], they are both devoiced

Example: amber, /ˈæmbər/
→ /b/ is between two voiced sounds /m/ and /ə/, so /b/ is not devoiced, which makes [æmbər]

Question 4

Devoicing of (lenis) Fricatives:

Answer 4

are devoiced (only) in the coda before voicelessness
[ wɪz̥ kʰɪd̥ ]
/v, ð, z, ʒ/ are devoiced when they are in the coda and followed by a voiceless sound

Example: whizz-kid, /wɪz kɪd/
→ /z/ is in the coda and followed by a voiceless sound, which makes [wɪz kɪd]: /z/ is devoiced
o

Question 5

Nasalization:

Answer 5

Affects any vowel in the same syllable with / m, n, ŋ /
Example: grand, /grænd/
→ vowel /æ/ is affected by /n/, and thus nasalized which makes [græ̃nd]

Question 6

Flapping:

Answer 6

Affects ambisyllabic / t, d / after vowels and vowels + / r / (rhotacized Vs)
Example: butter, /bʌt̩ər/
→ t comes after /ʌ/, which makes [bʌɾər]

Question 7

t-Voicing ( = / d / ):

Answer 7

Affects: ambisyllabic / t / after / n / or / l / in the coda of a weak syllable: / sɛvəndi, pɛnəldi / (also possibly the / t / of to after any voiced consonant: “They seem to think so”)
Word-finally: the moment is
After /l/: penalty
to after voiced Cs: it’s wrong to say

Question 8

t/d-Elision:

Answer 8

Deletes:
Ambisyllabic /t, d/ after /n/ in a strong syllable
/t, d/ in the coda when surrounded by consonants
Not after /r/
After /n,l/, /d/ is elided but not /t/ /t/ realized as [ʔ] [tʔ]

Example: fantasy, /ˈfæntəsi/
→ /t/ comes after /n/ in a strong syllable, which makes [fænəsi]

Example: postcard, /ˈpoʊstkɑrd/
→ /t/ is surrounded by consonants, which makes [poʊskɑrd]

Question 9

Nasal Deletion:

Answer 9

Affects / m, n, ŋ / when in the same syllable as / p, t, k /, even if the
/ p, t, k / is ambisyllabic (can’t, fantasy, camper)
Example: camp, /kæmp/
→ /m/ and /p/ are in the same syllable, which makes [khæ̃p]

Question 10

Glottalization (i.e., ‘glottal reinforcement’):

Answer 10

Affects unisyllabic / p, t, k / in the coda when preceded by a voiced sound: “back there” [ b æ k͜ ʔ ð ɛ r ]
(note: liaison “blocks” glottal reinforcement – “the back of …” [ … b æ k͜ ə v … ]

Question 11

Glottaling (i.e., ‘glottal stopping’):

Answer 11

Affects only unisyllabic / t / in coda final position: “rat packs” [r æ ʔ p æ k͜ ʔ s ] (note: also blocked by “liaison”)

Question 12

Fronting:

Answer 12

/ t, d, n / → / p, b, m / before / p, b, m / (input → [ ɪ̃ m pʰ ʊ t ] )

Question 13

Dental assimilation:

Answer 13

/ t, d, n, l / → dental [ t, d, n, l ] when / θ, ð / immediately precedes or follows:
“width” → [ w ɪ d θ ] “birthday” → [b ɜr θ d eɪ ]
Example: width, /wɪdθ/
→ /d/ becomes dental because /θ/ follows, which makes [wɪd̪θ]

Question 14

Post-alveolar Assimilation:

Answer 14

/t, d, n, l/ become /t̠, d̠, n̠, l̠/ when they come before /r/

Example: alright, /ɑl’rɑɪt/
→ /l/ precedes /r/, which makes [ɑl̠’rɑɪt]

Question 15

Post-alveolar Affrication (Coalescent Assimilation):

Answer 15

/ t, d / → [t̠ ɹ̥ , d̠ ɹ ] before / r / in the same syllable “try, dry” —- [ t̠ ɹ̥ aɪ ] [ d̠ ɹ aɪ ]
Note: /tr/ becomes [t̠ɹ̥], /dr/ becomes [d̠ɹ]

Question 16

Velar Assimilation:

Answer 16

/ t, d, n / → / k, g, ŋ / before / k, g /
“one car” → [ w ʌ̃ ŋ kh ɑ r ]
Note: /t/ becomes /k/, /d/ becomes /g/, /n/ becomes /ŋ/

Question 17

a. Palato-alveolar Assimilation:

Answer 17

/ s, z / → / ʃ, ʒ / before / ʃ /
“this ship” → [ð ɪ ʃː ɪ p ]
“these ships” → [ð iː ʒ ʃ ɪp s ]
Note: with palato-alveolar assimilation, /s/ becomes /ʃ/, /z/ becomes /ʒ/

Question 18

Palatal Coalescent Assimilations:

Answer 18

/ t , d / + / j / in the onset of a weak syllable = /tʃ, dʒ/
“don’t you / would you” (in their weak forms with / j ə / ) → / d oʊ n tʃ ə /, / w ʊ dʒ ə /
Note: /t, d/ + /j/ = /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/

Question 19

Schwa-elision:

Answer 19

before / r, n, l / in a weak syllable ( d i f f e r e nt), except after / l, r, ʕ /

Question 20

Stop Insertion:

Answer 20

Insertion of / p, t, k / between / m, n, ŋ / and a voiceless fricative in the coda, “since” [ s ɪ̃n t s ], warmth [ w ɔ̃r m p θ ]
(= / m + p /, / n + t /. / ŋ + k / )
Example: strength, /strɛŋkθ/

Question 21

Gemination:

Answer 21

Two identical consonants in a row become one long consonant:

pep pill → [p ɛ pː ɪ ɫ ]

Question 22

The Allophones of / l /:

Clear/Light l [ l ]:

Answer 22

always in unisyllabic onsets, even if another consonant precedes it.

Question 23

Dark l’s [ ɫ ]:

Answer 23

L’s in the coda of a syllable are always one of the following ‘dark’ l’s:
Velarized: one can have the (fairly) dark Velarized-L with both unisyllabic and ambisyllabic l’s in the coda. Contact between tongue tip & alveolar ridge.
Vocalized: one can have the (very) dark Vocalized-L (raised-L) only with unisyllabic l’s in the coda. No contact between tongue tip & alveolar ridge.
→ Velarized l [ɫ]
→ Vocalized l [ɫ]

Question 24

Clitic To:

Answer 24

to can act as if it was part of the preceding word
As a preposition
As infinitival conjuction
Part of a word
The /t/ in to becomes ambisyllabic 
Fly to Boston -> /flaɪ t̬əˈbɑ:stən/

Question 25

Regressive assimilation:

Answer 25

The affected sound precedes the one that causes assimilation

Example: ten books, /tɛn bʊks/
→ /n/ precedes /b/, which leads to [tɛm bʊks]

Question 26

Progressive assimilation:

Answer 26

The sound that is assimilated follows the sound that it becomes more similar to

Example: disguise, /dɪsˈgaɪz/
→ /g/ is devoiced because voiceless /s/ precedes