Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Winter Semester 2024 > Theory and Practice Test #2 > Flashcards

Theory and Practice Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What two Ed theories arose from the child-centred curriculum?

A
  1. Progressivism
  2. Constructivism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Progressivism

A

the belief that education must be based on the fact that humans are social animals who learn best in real-life activities with other people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What should learning be related to in Progressivism?

A

interests and learning through m problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of curriculum was progressivism built upon?

A

experienced-based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what responsibility did progressivists give to schools?

A

the responsibility to play leading role in preparing citizens for active civic participation in a democratic society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define Constructivism

A

by reflecting on our experiences, we construct the world in which we live and build knowledge in the process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In constructivism, each person generates their own…

A

mental models to make sense of experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what did Rousseau believe?

A

humans are good by nature but are corrupted by society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rousseau felt humans…

A

should be left along to grow naturally and without interference by others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rousseau believed the growth process was driven by…

A

curiosity (an intrinsic, natural process)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who wrote the book ‘Emile’?

A

Rousseau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was the basis of Rousseau’s first book?

A

a fictional narrative of growth and learning of young boy who was raised in the country; all about how he learned without the influence of adults and society but through discovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the name of Rousseau’s second book?

A

Education for Sophie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was the basis of Rousseau’s second book?

A

Story of a young woman Emile wanted to marry and demonstrated Rousseau’s representation of ideal womanhood (education governed by husband)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was Rousseau’s philosophy?

A

suggested a child’s emotions should be educated before their reason; learn by experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did Rousseau advocate for?

A

that adults should always be truthful with children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What were some criticisms of Rousseau

A
  • not realistic
  • role of adults were vague
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who did Rousseau inspire?

A

Pestalozzi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what did Pestalozzi believe?

A

in the importance of sensory experience and its connection to natural development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

did Pestalozzi agree with Rousseau?

A

he agreed with his view on natural environments but said children should be dutiful, industrious, and have their time ‘well-managed’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What aspects of Pestalozzi’s life impacted his views?

A

he grew up in poor conditions, ran orphanages and had an understanding of the injustices of the poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How did Pestalozzi view himself?

A

as a practical philosopher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What was Pestalozzi’s philosophy?

A

logical consequences important; hands on exploring was valuable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Criticisms of Pestalozzi?

A

he went in and out of popularity and was considered a reformer and dreamer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where did the root of the work Pragmatism come from?

A

greek word meaning work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does Pragmatism examine?

A

ways of thinking and doing where possible, and seeks to incorporate them into everyday life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does Pragmatism support?

A

creating new ideas to deal with the changing world in which people live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pragmatism encourages people to…

A

seek out the process and do things that work best to help us achieve desirable events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What did Auguste Comte do?

A

applied science to society; influenced the development of pragmatism by helping thinkers become sensitive to the possibilities by using science to help solve social problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What did Charles Darwin argue?

A

that species arise naturally through what we called universal struggle for existence; survival of the fittest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What was John Dewey influenced by?

A

German Idealists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What did Dewey believe about truth?

A

that it is an instrument used by humans to solve their problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Dewey believed school is distinct from…

A

Education! school is a social institution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Dewey believed school can be…

A

educative; has the possibility of exercising positive influence on emotional knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Who is regarded as the father of Pragmatism?

A

Charles Sanders Peirce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are Charles Peirce’s 8 dimensions of his philosophy?

A
  1. Logic and Semiotics
  2. Abductive Reasoning
  3. Quantification and Relations
  4. Philosophy of Science
  5. Statistics and Pragmatism
  6. Account of Meaning
  7. Verification through Action
  8. Refinement and Evolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Explain Logic and Semiotics (Charles Peirce)

A

The study of signs; described thoughts not as ideas but as signs external to the self and without meaning unless interpreted by subsequent thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Explain Abductive Reasoning (Charles Peirce)

A

forming the best explanation for observed phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Explain Philosophy of Science (Charles Peirce)

A

the roles of signs and inference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Explain Statistics and Pragmatism (Charles Peirce)

A

Applied mathematical reasoning to empirical data; emphasized practical consequences and the usefulness of ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Explain Account of Meaning (Charles Peirce)

A

clearing up metaphysics; the practical consequences of a statement helps grasp its true meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Explain Verification through Action (Charles Peirce)

A

beliefs, ideas, or terms should be tested by analyzing their effects on future conduct and belief; when we adopt a belief, it becomes a guide for our behaviour until we encounter reasons to doubt it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Explain Refinement and Evolution (Charles Peirce)

A

renaming his philosophy as Pragmaticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Who was Ella Flagg Young?

A

a female philosopher and educational practitioner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Ella Flagg Young was the first…

A

female superintendent of a major school system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What did Ella Flagg Young introduce to the school system?

A

more relevant curriculum, increased teacher salaries, and involved teachers in decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Many called Ella Flagg Young a…

A

Reformer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Ella Flagg Young advocated for…

A

student and teacher voices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Ella Flagg Young was responsive to…

A

democratic principles in an evolving society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What did Ella Flagg Young not support?

A

dividing students into grades based on skill mastery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What did Ella Flagg Young believe about students?

A

that regardless of ability, any student should be able to learn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What did Ella Flagg Young encourage teachers to build?

A

relationships with children so they could tailor their instruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Pragmatism influenced many ed theories including…

A

Constructivism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Explain Constructivism

A

concerned with internal structures of learning; learning is an active process and we as humans construct our own understanding of things

55
Q

A pragmatic philosopher who informed Constructivism was…

A

Piaget

56
Q

What was Piaget’s philosophy?

A

acquiring true knowledge requires active engagement with things hat are relevant and meaningful

57
Q

Who created the idea of schemas and what are they?

A

Piaget; patterns of mental representation of experiences

58
Q

Who said “growth of knowledge is an active construction”?

A

Piaget

59
Q

What are Piaget’s 4 construction stages of knowledge?

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Pre-operational
  3. Concrete Operational
  4. Formal Operational
60
Q

Explain Sensorimotor (Piaget)

A

using senses to build schemas (young children/babies)

61
Q

Explain Pre-operational (Piaget)

A

Using language; further construction (ask questions)

62
Q

Explain Concrete Operational (Piaget)

A

Logical thinking/classifying schemas

63
Q

Explain Formal Operational (Piaget)

A

abstract thinking; hypothetical critical analysis

64
Q

What were criticisms of Piaget’s

A

Schema concept and stages too rigid; he did not include specifically how others added to knowledge building

65
Q

What did Piaget term his view?

A

Cognitive Constructivism

66
Q

What ed theory was Bruner influenced by?

A

informed by pragmatism and developing theories involved constructivism

67
Q

What was Bruner’s constructivist theory

A

a general framework for instruction based upon the study of cognition

68
Q

What was Bruner’s Theory?

A

emphasized the role of culture and language in cognitive development which occurs in a spiral fashion

69
Q

Explain Bruner’s spiral

A

A person revisits basic concepts at increasing levels of complexity and abstraction: new content -> revisions -> mastery

70
Q

What did Bruner say about learners?

A

they should discover links and relationships between different facts, concepts, and theories as opposed to someone just telling them answers

71
Q

According to Bruner, the fundamental principles of any subject can be taught at what age?

A

at any age, if the material is converted to a form appropriate to the child

72
Q

How does the spiral curriculum work?

A

it revisits basic ideas repeatedly, building upon them into more complex, abstract concept over time in a developmentally appropriate sense

73
Q

What is the aim of education according to the spiral curriculum?

A

to create autonomous learners; learning to learn

74
Q

What are the 3 modes of representation in the spiral curriculum?

A
  1. Enactive representation (action-based)
  2. Iconic representation (image-based)
  3. Symbolic representation (language-based)
75
Q

What does the CPA approach relate to?

A

The 3 modes of representation in the sprial curriculum

76
Q

Pragmatic philosophy informed development of…

A

Character Development Theory

77
Q

What is Character Education?

A

the intentional, proactive effort by schools, districts, and governments to instil in students important core ethical values

78
Q

What are some core ethical values within character education?

A

respect for self and others
responsibility
integrity
self-discipline

79
Q

Character development theory shaped the discussion on…

A

the need for character education

80
Q

what was the belief of character education?

A

that it could provide a long-term solution to address moral, ethical, and academic issues of growing concern for society

81
Q

What is the theory of life-long learning?

A

a form of self-initiated education that is focused on person development; education that takes place outside of a formal institution

82
Q

what does the life-long learning theory recognize?

A

that humans have a natural drive to explore, learn and grow

83
Q

what does the life-long learning theory encourage people to do?

A

to improve their quality of life and sense of self-worth by paying attention to the ideas and goals that inspire them

84
Q

what are the attitudes and skills required for life-long learning? (8)

A
  1. curiosity and interest in learning new things
  2. confidence in own ability to learn
  3. motivation for seeking new learning opportunities
  4. willingness to be responsible for own learning
  5. willingness to make mistakes and learn form them
  6. persistence in tasks undertaken
  7. openness to constructive criticism
  8. patience
85
Q

What are the 3 general contexts that we learn in?

A
  1. Formalized
  2. Non-formalized
  3. Informal
86
Q

What is formalized learning?

A

learning in schools; education/training settings

87
Q

What is non-formalized learning?

A

learning through clubs, workshops, hobbies, interests

88
Q

What is informal learning?

A

learning through family, friends, colleagues, life events, and transitions

89
Q

How is life-long learning in todays knowledge economy?

A

Organizations rate life-long learning as a core component in employees is todays fast pace economy to be able to be adaptable and flexible

90
Q

Misuses of Life-long Learning?

A

When it places the responsibility of learning FULLY onto the learners themselves instead of offering support

91
Q

Pragmatic philosophers informed ed theories and practices around the idea of…

A

Building a Learning Community

92
Q

How is a learning community defined?

A

a group of people linked by a common set of problems and a common search for solutions

93
Q

How does a teacher create a learning community?

A

by recognizing that ALL students have something of value to contribute

94
Q

What are some ways that a learning community works?

A
  1. members share and develop ideas and expertise as they engage with skilled practice
  2. committed to collective goals
  3. trust each other and find support
  4. teacher communicates with parents and community
  5. teachers understand what it is to be a student
95
Q

Signs that learning community is growing in a classroom

A

Yes replies to:
1. do members of the class take responsibility for own learning?
2. do class members share their learning with each other?
3. do discussions show development of ideas?

96
Q

What are some skills/qualities that teachers need to possess in a learning community?

A
  1. inspire others
  2. able to organize daily activities
  3. track learning
  4. display interpersonal leadership
  5. ability to think outside the box
97
Q

What are the three stages of development in a learning community?

A
  1. Potential
  2. Coalescing
  3. Active
98
Q

Explain Potential (LC)

A

beginning of the school year; activities involve discovering commonalities
(students face similar situations but do not have a shared history yet)

99
Q

Explain Coalescing (LC)

A

the first months; activities involve negotiating a community
(students begin to trust each other and recognize potential)

100
Q

Explain Active (LC)

A

November - March; activities involve engaging in joint activities, creating things, adapting to change, etc.
(students develop common practices/routines for accomplishing goals)

101
Q

What is a PLC?

A

Professional Learning Community

102
Q

What is the focus on in a PLC?

A

student learning, working collaboratively, and holding each other as professionals accountable for results of learning

103
Q

What are the 2 principles of a PLC?

A
  1. Ensure the students learn
  2. Create a culture of collaboration
104
Q

What theory comes from “a view revolving around a framework for 21st century learning that maps out skills needed to ‘survive and thrive’ in a complex and connected world”

A

Innovative or 21st Century Theory

105
Q

What context is the 21st Century Theory’s view on education known as?

A

The Knowledge Age

106
Q

What are the two types of skills in the Knowledge Age?

A
  1. Soft Skills
  2. Hard Skills
107
Q

What are the 4 soft skills?

A
  1. Communication
  2. Collaboration
  3. Cooperation
  4. Creativity
108
Q

What are the 3 hard skills?

A
  1. Literacy
  2. Numeracy
  3. Content Knowledge
109
Q

What are the 3 categories of 21st century skills?

A
  1. Learning and innovation skills
  2. Information, media, and technology skills
  3. life and career skills
110
Q

examples of learning and innovation skills:

A
  1. creativity
  2. critical thinking/problem solving
  3. collaboration
111
Q

examples of information, media, and tech skills

A
  1. information literacy
  2. media literacy
  3. literacy in info and communication tech
112
Q

examples of life and career skills

A
  1. flexibility
  2. initiative
  3. adaptability
  4. leadership
113
Q

What was the 3rd industrial revolution know as

A

The digital revolution (development of computers and information tech)

114
Q

Some tech examples of the 4th Industrial revoultion

A

AI, robotics, 3D printing, mobile devices, AR, etc.

115
Q

What skills are needed to thrive in the 4th Industrial Revolution?

A

stress management
critical thinking
complex problem solving
tenacity
adaptability
resiliency

116
Q

What was an ed theory that became very prevalent?

A

Brain-based learning theory

117
Q

who led the early work of the brain-based learning theory?

A

David Sousa

118
Q

What theorist did David Sousa draw from? (brain-based learning)

A

Paul MacLean

119
Q

What did David Sousa promote?

A

educational neuroscience

120
Q

What techniques for delivery effective instruction did Sousa believe in?

A

techniques that are brain friendly and provide a biologically driven framework

121
Q

What term did Paul MacLean coin and what are the 3 parts?

A

Triune Brain
1. Reptilian Complex
2. Limbic Brain
3. Neo-Cortex

122
Q

Explain the Reptilian Complex

A

controls the fight or flight response, digestion circulation, breathing, and reproduction

123
Q

Explain the Limbic Brain

A

emotion, memory, and recall

124
Q

Explain the Neo-Cortex

A

controls communication skills and allows us to develop strategies for future planning

125
Q

Does the Triune Brain work without all 3 parts in teaching/learning?

A

no! need to recognize all three parts

126
Q

What are the 3 instruction techniques based on Brain-Based Learning Theory?

A
  1. Orchestrated immersion
  2. Relaxed alertness
  3. Active processing
127
Q

Explain Orchestrated Learning (BBL)

A

creating environments for learning that fully immerse students in an educational experience

128
Q

Explain Relaxed Alertness (BBL)

A

trying to eliminate fear in learners, while maintaining highly challenging environment

129
Q

Explain Active Processing (BBL)

A

allowing learner to consolidate and internalize info by actively processing it

130
Q

What is a schema?

A

patterns of mental representation of experiences

131
Q

Who argued that learners should discern for themselves?

A

Bruner

132
Q

What is Service Learning Theory?

A

learn by reflecting on ones own experience while providing services to others in some capacity

133
Q
A

Winter Semester 2024 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions