Theory and Practice Test #2 Flashcards
1
Q
What two Ed theories arose from the child-centred curriculum?
A
- Progressivism
- Constructivism
2
Q
Define Progressivism
A
the belief that education must be based on the fact that humans are social animals who learn best in real-life activities with other people
3
Q
What should learning be related to in Progressivism?
A
interests and learning through m problem solving
4
Q
What type of curriculum was progressivism built upon?
A
experienced-based
5
Q
what responsibility did progressivists give to schools?
A
the responsibility to play leading role in preparing citizens for active civic participation in a democratic society
6
Q
define Constructivism
A
by reflecting on our experiences, we construct the world in which we live and build knowledge in the process
7
Q
In constructivism, each person generates their own…
A
mental models to make sense of experience
8
Q
what did Rousseau believe?
A
humans are good by nature but are corrupted by society
9
Q
Rousseau felt humans…
A
should be left along to grow naturally and without interference by others
10
Q
Rousseau believed the growth process was driven by…
A
curiosity (an intrinsic, natural process)
11
Q
Who wrote the book ‘Emile’?
A
Rousseau
12
Q
What was the basis of Rousseau’s first book?
A
a fictional narrative of growth and learning of young boy who was raised in the country; all about how he learned without the influence of adults and society but through discovery
13
Q
What was the name of Rousseau’s second book?
A
Education for Sophie
14
Q
What was the basis of Rousseau’s second book?
A
Story of a young woman Emile wanted to marry and demonstrated Rousseau’s representation of ideal womanhood (education governed by husband)
15
Q
What was Rousseau’s philosophy?
A
suggested a child’s emotions should be educated before their reason; learn by experience
16
Q
What did Rousseau advocate for?
A
that adults should always be truthful with children
17
Q
What were some criticisms of Rousseau
A
- not realistic
- role of adults were vague
18
Q
Who did Rousseau inspire?
A
Pestalozzi
19
Q
what did Pestalozzi believe?
A
in the importance of sensory experience and its connection to natural development
20
Q
did Pestalozzi agree with Rousseau?
A
he agreed with his view on natural environments but said children should be dutiful, industrious, and have their time ‘well-managed’
21
Q
What aspects of Pestalozzi’s life impacted his views?
A
he grew up in poor conditions, ran orphanages and had an understanding of the injustices of the poor
22
Q
How did Pestalozzi view himself?
A
as a practical philosopher
23
Q
What was Pestalozzi’s philosophy?
A
logical consequences important; hands on exploring was valuable
24
Q
Criticisms of Pestalozzi?
A
he went in and out of popularity and was considered a reformer and dreamer
25
Where did the root of the work Pragmatism come from?
greek word meaning work
26
What does Pragmatism examine?
ways of thinking and doing where possible, and seeks to incorporate them into everyday life
27
What does Pragmatism support?
creating new ideas to deal with the changing world in which people live
28
Pragmatism encourages people to...
seek out the process and do things that work best to help us achieve desirable events
29
What did Auguste Comte do?
applied science to society; influenced the development of pragmatism by helping thinkers become sensitive to the possibilities by using science to help solve social problems
30
What did Charles Darwin argue?
that species arise naturally through what we called universal struggle for existence; survival of the fittest
31
What was John Dewey influenced by?
German Idealists
32
What did Dewey believe about truth?
that it is an instrument used by humans to solve their problems
33
Dewey believed school is distinct from...
Education! school is a social institution
34
Dewey believed school can be...
educative; has the possibility of exercising positive influence on emotional knowledge
35
Who is regarded as the father of Pragmatism?
Charles Sanders Peirce
36
What are Charles Peirce's 8 dimensions of his philosophy?
1. Logic and Semiotics
2. Abductive Reasoning
3. Quantification and Relations
4. Philosophy of Science
5. Statistics and Pragmatism
6. Account of Meaning
7. Verification through Action
8. Refinement and Evolution
37
Explain Logic and Semiotics (Charles Peirce)
The study of signs; described thoughts not as ideas but as signs external to the self and without meaning unless interpreted by subsequent thought
38
Explain Abductive Reasoning (Charles Peirce)
forming the best explanation for observed phenomena
39
Explain Philosophy of Science (Charles Peirce)
the roles of signs and inference
40
Explain Statistics and Pragmatism (Charles Peirce)
Applied mathematical reasoning to empirical data; emphasized practical consequences and the usefulness of ideas
41
Explain Account of Meaning (Charles Peirce)
clearing up metaphysics; the practical consequences of a statement helps grasp its true meaning
42
Explain Verification through Action (Charles Peirce)
beliefs, ideas, or terms should be tested by analyzing their effects on future conduct and belief; when we adopt a belief, it becomes a guide for our behaviour until we encounter reasons to doubt it
43
Explain Refinement and Evolution (Charles Peirce)
renaming his philosophy as Pragmaticism
44
Who was Ella Flagg Young?
a female philosopher and educational practitioner
45
Ella Flagg Young was the first...
female superintendent of a major school system
46
What did Ella Flagg Young introduce to the school system?
more relevant curriculum, increased teacher salaries, and involved teachers in decision making
47
Many called Ella Flagg Young a...
Reformer
48
Ella Flagg Young advocated for...
student and teacher voices
49
Ella Flagg Young was responsive to...
democratic principles in an evolving society
50
What did Ella Flagg Young not support?
dividing students into grades based on skill mastery
51
What did Ella Flagg Young believe about students?
that regardless of ability, any student should be able to learn
52
What did Ella Flagg Young encourage teachers to build?
relationships with children so they could tailor their instruction
53
Pragmatism influenced many ed theories including...
Constructivism
54
Explain Constructivism
concerned with internal structures of learning; learning is an active process and we as humans construct our own understanding of things
55
A pragmatic philosopher who informed Constructivism was...
Piaget
56
What was Piaget's philosophy?
acquiring true knowledge requires active engagement with things hat are relevant and meaningful
57
Who created the idea of schemas and what are they?
Piaget; patterns of mental representation of experiences
58
Who said "growth of knowledge is an active construction"?
Piaget
59
What are Piaget's 4 construction stages of knowledge?
1. Sensorimotor
2. Pre-operational
3. Concrete Operational
4. Formal Operational
60
Explain Sensorimotor (Piaget)
using senses to build schemas (young children/babies)
61
Explain Pre-operational (Piaget)
Using language; further construction (ask questions)
62
Explain Concrete Operational (Piaget)
Logical thinking/classifying schemas
63
Explain Formal Operational (Piaget)
abstract thinking; hypothetical critical analysis
64
What were criticisms of Piaget's
Schema concept and stages too rigid; he did not include specifically how others added to knowledge building
65
What did Piaget term his view?
Cognitive Constructivism
66
What ed theory was Bruner influenced by?
informed by pragmatism and developing theories involved constructivism
67
What was Bruner's constructivist theory
a general framework for instruction based upon the study of cognition
68
What was Bruner's Theory?
emphasized the role of culture and language in cognitive development which occurs in a spiral fashion
69
Explain Bruner's spiral
A person revisits basic concepts at increasing levels of complexity and abstraction: new content -> revisions -> mastery
70
What did Bruner say about learners?
they should discover links and relationships between different facts, concepts, and theories as opposed to someone just telling them answers
71
According to Bruner, the fundamental principles of any subject can be taught at what age?
at any age, if the material is converted to a form appropriate to the child
72
How does the spiral curriculum work?
it revisits basic ideas repeatedly, building upon them into more complex, abstract concept over time in a developmentally appropriate sense
73
What is the aim of education according to the spiral curriculum?
to create autonomous learners; learning to learn
74
What are the 3 modes of representation in the spiral curriculum?
1. Enactive representation (action-based)
2. Iconic representation (image-based)
3. Symbolic representation (language-based)
75
What does the CPA approach relate to?
The 3 modes of representation in the sprial curriculum
76
Pragmatic philosophy informed development of...
Character Development Theory
77
What is Character Education?
the intentional, proactive effort by schools, districts, and governments to instil in students important core ethical values
78
What are some core ethical values within character education?
respect for self and others
responsibility
integrity
self-discipline
79
Character development theory shaped the discussion on...
the need for character education
80
what was the belief of character education?
that it could provide a long-term solution to address moral, ethical, and academic issues of growing concern for society
81
What is the theory of life-long learning?
a form of self-initiated education that is focused on person development; education that takes place outside of a formal institution
82
what does the life-long learning theory recognize?
that humans have a natural drive to explore, learn and grow
83
what does the life-long learning theory encourage people to do?
to improve their quality of life and sense of self-worth by paying attention to the ideas and goals that inspire them
84
what are the attitudes and skills required for life-long learning? (8)
1. curiosity and interest in learning new things
2. confidence in own ability to learn
3. motivation for seeking new learning opportunities
4. willingness to be responsible for own learning
5. willingness to make mistakes and learn form them
6. persistence in tasks undertaken
7. openness to constructive criticism
8. patience
85
What are the 3 general contexts that we learn in?
1. Formalized
2. Non-formalized
3. Informal
86
What is formalized learning?
learning in schools; education/training settings
87
What is non-formalized learning?
learning through clubs, workshops, hobbies, interests
88
What is informal learning?
learning through family, friends, colleagues, life events, and transitions
89
How is life-long learning in todays knowledge economy?
Organizations rate life-long learning as a core component in employees is todays fast pace economy to be able to be adaptable and flexible
90
Misuses of Life-long Learning?
When it places the responsibility of learning FULLY onto the learners themselves instead of offering support
91
Pragmatic philosophers informed ed theories and practices around the idea of...
Building a Learning Community
92
How is a learning community defined?
a group of people linked by a common set of problems and a common search for solutions
93
How does a teacher create a learning community?
by recognizing that ALL students have something of value to contribute
94
What are some ways that a learning community works?
1. members share and develop ideas and expertise as they engage with skilled practice
2. committed to collective goals
3. trust each other and find support
4. teacher communicates with parents and community
5. teachers understand what it is to be a student
95
Signs that learning community is growing in a classroom
Yes replies to:
1. do members of the class take responsibility for own learning?
2. do class members share their learning with each other?
3. do discussions show development of ideas?
96
What are some skills/qualities that teachers need to possess in a learning community?
1. inspire others
2. able to organize daily activities
3. track learning
4. display interpersonal leadership
5. ability to think outside the box
97
What are the three stages of development in a learning community?
1. Potential
2. Coalescing
2. Active
98
Explain Potential (LC)
beginning of the school year; activities involve discovering commonalities
(students face similar situations but do not have a shared history yet)
99
Explain Coalescing (LC)
the first months; activities involve negotiating a community
(students begin to trust each other and recognize potential)
100
Explain Active (LC)
November - March; activities involve engaging in joint activities, creating things, adapting to change, etc.
(students develop common practices/routines for accomplishing goals)
101
What is a PLC?
Professional Learning Community
102
What is the focus on in a PLC?
student learning, working collaboratively, and holding each other as professionals accountable for results of learning
103
What are the 2 principles of a PLC?
1. Ensure the students learn
2. Create a culture of collaboration
104
What theory comes from "a view revolving around a framework for 21st century learning that maps out skills needed to ‘survive and thrive’ in a complex and connected world"
Innovative or 21st Century Theory
105
What context is the 21st Century Theory's view on education known as?
The Knowledge Age
106
What are the two types of skills in the Knowledge Age?
1. Soft Skills
2. Hard Skills
107
What are the 4 soft skills?
1. Communication
2. Collaboration
3. Cooperation
4. Creativity
108
What are the 3 hard skills?
1. Literacy
2. Numeracy
3. Content Knowledge
109
What are the 3 categories of 21st century skills?
1. Learning and innovation skills
2. Information, media, and technology skills
3. life and career skills
110
examples of learning and innovation skills:
1. creativity
2. critical thinking/problem solving
3. collaboration
111
examples of information, media, and tech skills
1. information literacy
2. media literacy
3. literacy in info and communication tech
112
examples of life and career skills
1. flexibility
2. initiative
3. adaptability
4. leadership
113
What was the 3rd industrial revolution know as
The digital revolution (development of computers and information tech)
114
Some tech examples of the 4th Industrial revoultion
AI, robotics, 3D printing, mobile devices, AR, etc.
115
What skills are needed to thrive in the 4th Industrial Revolution?
stress management
critical thinking
complex problem solving
tenacity
adaptability
resiliency
116
What was an ed theory that became very prevalent?
Brain-based learning theory
117
who led the early work of the brain-based learning theory?
David Sousa
118
What theorist did David Sousa draw from? (brain-based learning)
Paul MacLean
119
What did David Sousa promote?
educational neuroscience
120
What techniques for delivery effective instruction did Sousa believe in?
techniques that are brain friendly and provide a biologically driven framework
121
What term did Paul MacLean coin and what are the 3 parts?
Triune Brain
1. Reptilian Complex
2. Limbic Brain
3. Neo-Cortex
122
Explain the Reptilian Complex
controls the fight or flight response, digestion circulation, breathing, and reproduction
123
Explain the Limbic Brain
emotion, memory, and recall
124
Explain the Neo-Cortex
controls communication skills and allows us to develop strategies for future planning
125
Does the Triune Brain work without all 3 parts in teaching/learning?
no! need to recognize all three parts
126
What are the 3 instruction techniques based on Brain-Based Learning Theory?
1. Orchestrated immersion
2. Relaxed alertness
3. Active processing
127
Explain Orchestrated Learning (BBL)
creating environments for learning that fully immerse students in an educational experience
128
Explain Relaxed Alertness (BBL)
trying to eliminate fear in learners, while maintaining highly challenging environment
129
Explain Active Processing (BBL)
allowing learner to consolidate and internalize info by actively processing it
130
What is a schema?
patterns of mental representation of experiences
131
Who argued that learners should discern for themselves?
Bruner
132
What is Service Learning Theory?
learn by reflecting on ones own experience while providing services to others in some capacity
133
