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Classical Diploma > Theory > Flashcards

Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

Deep external rotators

A 
Piriformis
Quadratus Femoris
Obturator Internus
Obturator Externus
Gemellus Superior
Gemellus Inferior
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2
Q

Hip Flexors

A

Rectus femoris acts as a hip flexor

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3
Q

Hip Adductors

A

Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus

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4
Q

Different Types of Muscles?

A

Involuntary controlled by the automatic nervous system (cardiac around the heart and smooth around the vital organs)
Voluntary muscles under our voluntary control/skeletal muscles what we focus on for dance

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5
Q

How do muscles move in pairs?

A

Concentric contraction

Eccentric contraction

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6
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Shortening with a force (agonist)

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7
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Lengthening while still holding force

antagonist (antagonist)

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8
Q

Muscles in the neck

A

Attach to front, back and sides of vertebrae producing forward, backward and sideways movement
Sternocleidomastoid
The pectoral girdle
Pectoralis Major

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9
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A 
long muscle located on either side of neck
flexes neck, rotates head 
laterally flex (tilt) the head to side
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10
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

muscles that support the shoulder girlde and shoulder joints
One set attaches shoulder girdle to truck of body
Another set joins shoulder girdle to humerus bone

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11
Q

Pectoralis Major

A

Fan shaped muscle at top of chest
Helps to raise arm (shoulder flexion)
And pulls towards midline (shoulder adduction)

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12
Q

Muscles of Back

A

Muscles provide strength stability and movement to spinal column
involved in shoulder movement and participate in breathing process
Trapezius
Erector Spinae
Latissimus Dorsi
Teres Major
Teres Minor

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13
Q

Trapezius

A

Large flat triangular muscle
Back of neck
Steadies the shoulder
Assists the movement of the scapula

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14
Q

Erector Spinae

A

Three deep muscles running down the side of the spine
Powerful extensor in returning torso erect
Provides control for waist flexion

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15
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

Large flat triangular shaped muscle that attaches from the spine and ribs to the upper arm
Prime mover for arm extension and adduction

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16
Q

Teres Major

A

Thick rounded muscle extending from the scapula to the humerus
helps to rotate arm and bring it close to the body (adduction)

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17
Q

Teres Minor

A

Small muscle extending from scapula to the humerus

rotator cuff muscle that helps to stabilise shoulder

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18
Q

Muscles of the Abdomen

A

Provides muscular casing for the abdominal organs and assist in the compression of these organs during breathing process
External Oblique
Rectus Abdominis
Transverse Abdominis

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19
Q

External Oblique

A

Outermost abdominal muscle
Supports organs of abdomen
Aids other prime movers in movement of the trunk

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20
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

Deep vertical band of muscle on the abdomen segmented horizontally by bands of tendon (6 pack/8 pack)
Flexes trunk
Core stabiliser that pulls ribs down (flat) and stabilises pelvis

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21
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

inner most layer of the abdominal muscles

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22
Q

Muscles of Arms

A 
Arm muscles work in conjunction with the shoulder and elbow joints to allow wide range of movement: elevation, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation
Deltoid
Biceps
Triceps
Extensor Digitorum
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23
Q

Deltoid

A

Thick rounded muscles over the shoulder
Prime mover in lifting arm away from body (abduction)
Also involved in rotation, flexion and extension of shoulder and arm

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24
Q

Triceps

A

Back of the humerus

Prime mover of forearm extension

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25
Q

Biceps

A

Front of the humerus

Flexes the elbow joint

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26
Q

Extensor Digitorum

A

Surface muscle at back of forearm

Extends fingers & wrists & abducts (flares) fingers

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27
Q

Muscles of Hips & Legs

A 
Work together to allow movement in hip joint
Illiopsoas
Gluteal muscles
Gluteal minimus
Gluteal Medius
Gluteal Maximus
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28
Q

Illiopsoas

A 
Composite of two muscles
Illiacus attaches from illium
Psoas attaches from the lumbar spine
Front of hip joint
Flexes the thigh and trunk and is important for postural muscles
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29
Q

Gluteus minimus

A

Deepest and smallest gluteal muscle

Actions same as gluteal minimus

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30
Q

Gluteus Medius

A

Second layer
Thick muscle extending from the top of hip to top of femur
Stabilises the pelvis
Aids in abduction of leg and in rotation of thigh inwards

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31
Q

Gluteus Maximus

A

Surface muscle both large and powerful
forms bulk of the buttocks
Acts as a powerful extensor of the hip joint
straightens thigh
involved in abduction and rotation of thigh outward

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32
Q

Quadriceps Muscles

A

Formed of four seperate parts
Rectus femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Starts in the pelvis and upper thigh bone
tendons of four components merge and attach to kneecap & extend to point of attachment on tibia

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33
Q

Rectus Femoris

A

Surface muscle running vertically down front of thigh

Flexes hip and extends knee

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34
Q

Vastus Lateralis

A

Surface muscle that runs on the outside of the thigh

extends and supports knee

35
Q

Vastus Medialis

A

Deep muscle on the inside of the rectus femoris

extends the knee and stabilises patella

36
Q

Vastus Intermedius

A

Lies under rectus femoris extends knee

37
Q

Hamstring Muscles

A

3 seperate muscles
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Surface muscles back of the thigh
attach at the top of the ischium at base of pelvis, pass back of knee & attach to top of tibia
Length is vital for dancers to enable movements such as kicks and splits safely

38
Q

Biceps femoris

A

Outside of back of leg
Extends thigh and flexes knee
Rotates leg outward

39
Q

Semitendinosus

A

Middle of the back of leg
Extends thigh and flexes knee
rotates leg inward

40
Q

Semimembranosus

A

Deeper muscle to Semitendinosus
extends thigh and flexes knee
Rotates leg inwards

41
Q

Muscles of lower leg

A 
Calf region contains muscles responsible for movement of foot
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Peroneus Longus
Soleus
42
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Large muscle at back of lower leg (calf) forms the main curve
attached from the heel by achilles tendon
plantar flexes foot (points)
can flex knee when foot is dorsiflexed

43
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

Muscle extends down along the outer edge of the tibia from knee to foot
allows dorsiflexion and inversion movement of foot

44
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus

A

Muscle extending from knee down to toes
slightly deeper and more lateral to tibialis anterior
extends toes and helps dorsiflexion of foot

45
Q

Peroneus Longus

A

Muscle extending from below knee to ankle on outside of lower leg
Plantar flexes foot and raises side of foot outward (eversion)

46
Q

Soleus

A

Broad, flat muscles that extends from below knee to heel
Deep to the gastrocnemius
Plantar flexes foot
Very important for locomotor and postural control

47
Q

Major tendons and ligaments

A 
Achilles tendon
Patella ligament
Iliofermal and Pubofemoral ligaments
Tibial collateral ligament 
Fibular collateral ligament
48
Q

Achilles’ tendon

A

Strongest tendon in the body

Connects the lower portion of Soleus and the gastrocnemius to the back of the calcaneus

49
Q

Patella ligament

A

Continuation of the central portion of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris group over the kneecap and down to the upper end of the tibia

50
Q

Iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments

A

Y-shaped ligament

Two ligaments help control the degree of movement possible in the hip

51
Q

Tibial collateral ligament

A

Inside of the knee joint connecting the femur to the tibia

Overstretching weakens the integrity of the knee joint and must be avoided

52
Q

Fibular collateral ligament

A

Outside of knee joint connecting the femur to the tibia

Overstretching weakens the integrity of the knee joint and must be avoided

53
Q

What is the musical tree

A

Semibreve- whole note equal to four crotchet beats
Minim- half note equal to 2 crotchet beats
Crotchet- quarter note equal to one count of the music
Quaver- eight note equal to half a crotchet beat
Semi quaver- sixteenth note equal to half a quaver beat

54
Q

Rhythm

A

The organisation of beats within a bar according to strong and weak beats

55
Q

Tempo

A

Indicated at the top of a sheet of music
Indicated by a metronome mark indicates number of beats per minute
How fast or slow a piece of music is played

56
Q

Accent

A

Symbolised by an arrowhead above or below a note
Indicated the note is to be played with force
Gives light and shade to a piece of music

57
Q

Syncopation

A

Particular type of rhythm where the and count is accented rather than the beat

58
Q

Origin and definition

A

Origins of classical dance come from early 16th, 17th and 18th centuries social and court dances. It was during the 19th century that the ballet technique

59
Q

Origin and definition

A

The origins of classical ballet come from the early 16th, 17th and 18th century social and court dances. It was in the 19th century when classical teachnique as we know it today was created.

Most movements start and finish in one of the five positions of the feet or in a position derived from one of them. The arms and head are positioned and move according to certain rules. The basis of these rules lies partly in the natural laws of balance and opposition and partly in the aesthetics of a formal harmony of line.

60
Q

Ball and socket joint

A 
Shoulder and hip joint
Flexion/Extension
Abduction/Adduction
circumduction
rotation
hyperextension`
61
Q

Shoulder Joint

A

Ball and socket

62
Q

Hip Joint

A

Ball and socket

63
Q

Pivot joint

A

Atlas and Axis
Radius and Ulna
Rotation

64
Q

Radius and Ulna

A

Pivot joint

65
Q

Atlas and Axis

A

Pivot joint

66
Q

Hinge Joint

A 
Knee joint
Elbow joint 
Ankle joint
fingers and toes
flexion/extension
67
Q

Knee joint

A

Hinge Joint

68
Q

Elbow Joint

A

Hinge Joint

69
Q

Ankle Joint

A

Hinge Joint

70
Q

Fingers and toes

A

Hinge

Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion

71
Q

condyloid

A

Knuckles
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction

72
Q

Knuckles

A

condyloid

73
Q

ellipsoid

A

wrist joint
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction

74
Q

Wrist joint

A

Ellipsoid

75
Q

Plane joint

A

between scapula and clavical

gliding

76
Q

Saddle

A

Thumb
flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
circumduction

77
Q

What does a minim look like?

A

Circle not filled in with a stem

78
Q

What does a semibreve look like?

A

Circle not filled in

79
Q

What does a crotchet look like?

A

A filled in circle with a stem

80
Q

What does a quaver look like

A

A filled in circle with a stem and tail

81
Q

What does a semi quaver look like

A

A filled in circle with a stem and two tails

82
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull
Vertebrae
Rib cage
Sternum

83
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Limbs
Shoulder girdle
Pelvic girdles

Classical Diploma (1 decks)

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