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General Phase 2b > Theory > Flashcards

Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of hyponatremia

A

Confusion
Headache
Nausea and vomiting
Muscle weakness/cramps

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2
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

Fluid overloading - congestive heart failure
Dehydration - D&V
Medications I.e. diuretics
Endocrine - SIADH (water retention), Addisons

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3
Q

Risks of acute hyponatremia

A

Brain swelling, coma,death

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4
Q

What is the risk of increasing na+ too rapidly In Someone who is hyponatremic

A

CPM
Central pontine myelinolysis
Due to rapid shift of water in the brain cells

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5
Q

What is the reference range for Na+?

A

135-145

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6
Q

Symptoms of hypernatremia

A 
Main one = thirst
Confusion (due to brain cell shrinkage)
Nausea 
Muscle cramps /weakness
Loss of appetite
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7
Q

Causes of hypervolemic hypernaremia

A

Hyperaldosteroneism

excess IV saline (na+)

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8
Q

Causes of normovolemic hypernatremia

A

Diabetes insipidus
(Failure of production of vasopressin from pit’ or kidneys lack response to vasopressin)
Tx w/ desmopresssin

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9
Q

Causes of hypovolemic hypernatremia

A

Diuretics
Vomiting
Excessive sweating

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10
Q

Peripheral signs of endocarditis

A

Janeway lesions
Oslers nodes
Splinter haemorrhages
Roth spots

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11
Q

Signs of heart failure

A

Elevated JVP
Peripheral oedema
Pulmonary crackles

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12
Q

What type of heart failure occurs when the left ventricle fails to relax fully (how does this affect the output of the heart)

A

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (disastolic dysfunction)

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13
Q

What type of heart failure occurs when the LV fails to contract normally

A

Left sided HF with reduced EF (systolic dysfunction)

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14
Q

What two conditions will effect the management of heart failure

A

AF

CKD

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15
Q

Treatment for bradycardia

A

Digoxin

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16
Q

Explain cor pulmonale

A

Lung congestion causes enlargement of the right ventricle and RHF

17
Q

Explain how LVHF can cause Rsided HF and what signs might elicited

A

Pulmonary veins are less able to drain into the LV, Causing back pressure in the lungs the pulmonary arteries are less able to remove blood from the RV so there is a back up of pressure. The body cannot be sufficiently drained by the VC so veins leak causing ascites

18
Q

Signs of right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale)

A

Ascites
Peripheral oedema
Enlarged liver and spleen
Distended JVP

19
Q

Signs of left sided heart failure

A

Peripheral cyanosis
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Exertions dysnea

20
Q

How do you treat neutropenic sepsis

A

GCSF

21
Q

Reference ranges for Hb

A

115-160

22
Q

Reference ranges for wbc

A

4-12

23
Q

Treatment for hypercalcemia

A

Fluids + bisphosphonates

24
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia

A

Bone mets
Hyperparathyroidism
Ectopic PTH secretions

25
Q

What nerve is responsible for LR eye muscle

A

6 abducens

26
Q

Causes of headache

A 
Sinister = 
SOL I.e. SAH
Mets/ tumours
hydrocephalus
GCA

Primary
Cluster
Tension
Migraine

27
Q

Short lasting, 10/10 pain headache with autonomic features (runny nose/ eyes)

A

Cluster headache (suicide headache)

28
Q

How would Fe deficient anemia present on blood film

A

Microcytic hypochromic

29
Q

What is the diagnosis for MS

A

Two lesions separated by space and time

30
Q

What three could components would you want to test for in microcytic anemia

A

Fe
Ferritin
B12
EPO

31
Q

Vitamin D deficiency presentation in children and adults

A

Children - rickets

Adults -osteomalacia

32
Q

What is asprin

A

Antiplatelet

33
Q

Important things to check with an overdose patient

A

Were all the tablets taken at once

Was it a mixed overdose (multiple types of tablet / w/alcohol

34
Q

CSF w/ raised protein and low sugar. What type of infection is this

A

Bacterial

35
Q

A common complication of hospital treatment with co-amoxiclav

A

C diff

36
Q

What can be the cause of a galloping heart sound

A

LVHF - fluid overloading (furosemide)

37
Q

K+ sparing diuretic

A

Spirolactone

38
Q

What is bisoperolol

A

Beta blocker - slows heart rate

General Phase 2b (1 decks)

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