Theory

Question 1

Beckett and Western (2001)

Answer 1

The socially marginalised are over incarcerated in the USA

Question 2

Goldson’s (2002) [New Labour] paradox?

Answer 2

• Poor children – deserving victims
• What about poor children breaking the law?
• The deserving troubled OR the undeserving troublesome child (not both)
• Paradox = can’t be both

Question 3

Who deals with Victims and crime?

Answer 3

Police

CJS (Criminal Justice System)

Question 4

3 main parts of the welfare state?

Answer 4

1) Pensions
2) Citizenship: NHS
3) Means tested rights: JSA

Question 5

Deserving/undeserving determined by:

Answer 5

1) Media
2) Civil Society
3) State –CJS

Question 6

Franklin and Franklin (1976)’s rebuttal was against who?

Answer 6

Amir (1974)

• Critiqued Amir
• Critiqued victim precipitation
• Problematic assumptions of victim precipitation:
  1) The behaviour of the victim can explain the criminal act
  2) The offender becomes activated only when a victim emits certain signals
  3) A victim’s behaviour is necessary and sufficient to cause a criminal act
  4) The intent of the victim can be gauged by the victimisation incident

Question 7

Amir (1971)?

Answer 7

• concluded that 19% of rape incidents (1958-1960) were victim precipitated
• Defined victim precipitation as incidents in which the victim withdrew their initial consent; the victim did not react strongly enough

Question 8

Wolfgang (1958)

Answer 8

-26% of homicides (1948-1952) were a result of victim precipitation.

Question 9

Mendelsohn (1956)?

Answer 9

-typology of victims culpability for a crime

Scale from “innocent victim” to “pretend victim”

Question 10

Main victim blaming scholars?

Answer 10

1) Von Hentig (1941)
2) Mendelsohn (1956)
3) Wolfgang (1958)
4) Amir (1971)

Question 11

Von Hentig? (1941)

Answer 11

–the role of the victim in the creation of a crime

• Partially victims fault
• Place, clothing, drinking?

Question 12

Murray (2001)

Answer 12

• Liverpool 1996 - Underclass
• Benefits dependency
• Deserving and undeserving poor
• New-right perspective
• Due to family breakdown

Question 13

Carabine (2001) comparative study?

Answer 13

comparison of motherhood 1834 and 2001
-Assumption: social policies reflect norms about sexuality in society
-Lone motherhood attracts strong views
-The 1834 New Poor Law: work houses
-Single mothers emerged as undeserving welfare subjects> punitive practices
Widows and elderly are deserving “true poor”

Question 14

What was the right-wing discourse about single mothers? what was actually happening

Answer 14

-Increasing numbers of women having children outside of marriage
-Traditional family considered to be falling apart in public discourse
Peter Lilley (1992) there are benefits scroungers everywhere
-Beliefs and morals: babies out of wedlock & dependency on state is wrong
-Single mothers only deserving of benefits through work

Question 15

Fox Piven & Cloward (1993) comparative study?

Answer 15

Since the early 16th Century changes in poor relief
Not simply to alleviate barest need. Societal function:

Poor relief important (parish) with economic arrangements- explanation
-Labour market/economy = social integration/social control 
-Mass unemployment= destabilisation -  the poor are a threat 
Relief satisfies needs, but relief alone does not stop unrest 
By making benefits conditional on work, peace is restored
Need for underclass jobs realised

Question 16

What was Katz (2013) historic distinction

Answer 16

Long term distinction (USA) between:
Poverty = unavoidable, not people’s fault
Pauperism: Self-inflicted, deliberate

Perception of poverty/pauperism:
“moral condition”
Result of a culture
Inherited abilities (less intelligent poor)

Question 17

What do Desmond and Valdez (2012) say about black neighbourhoods and the urban poor

Answer 17

Over policed

Black domestic violence not seen as criminal and left alone

Question 18

How is deservingness determined? ABCDS?

Answer 18

Attention
Blame
Compassion
Discipline
Support

Question 19

Wilson (2016) suggested that some victims are?

Answer 19

Deserving (blameless)