Theory Flashcards
Ğ sound
e i ö ü — “y” sound
a ı o u — skip, draw out vowel
H sound
Only pronounced if first letter in a word
Demonstrative pronouns
Bu- this
Şu - that
O - that over there (or “it”?)
Bunlar - these
Şunlar - those
Onlar - those
Plural suffixes
a ı o u — lar
e i ö ü — ler
If you use a number, don’t add plural suffix.
If you use a plural pronoun, don’t add plural suffix.
Possessive pronouns
Benim
Senin
Onun
Bizim
Sizin
Onların
Vowel connectors
a ı — ı
e i — i
o u — u
ö ü — ü
How to show possession of a noun
Change vowel/consonant connectors as needed
-m
-n
-si (-i)
-miz
-niz
-ları / -leri 
Consonant softening – ketchup 
When you are adding a suffix that starts with a vowel and you have one of these four letters at the end of the word:
K T Ç P
K— ğ
T— d
Ç— c 
P— b
First add the plural suffix, then the possessive suffix
Ketchup generally applies to Turkish words with more than one syllable
If the K comes after the letter N, the K becomes a G
The rule does not apply to proper nouns
Possessive suffixes
Word ends in vowel
-m
-n
-sı (si, su, sü)
-mız (miz, muz, müz)
-nız (niz, nuz, nüz)
-ları/ leri
Word ends in consonant
-ım (im, um, üm)
-ın (in, un, ün)
-ı (i, u, ü)
-ımız, imiz, umuz, ümüz
-ınız, iniz, unuz, ünüz
-ları/ leri
Relative pronoun
Add to a word as a suffix and used in place of a noun
ki
Relative Pronouns
Benimki (mine)
Seninki (yours)
Onunki (its)
Bizimki (ours)
Sizinki (yours)
Onlarınki (theirs)
“I am” Suffixes
-im
-sin
-(nothing)
-iz
-siniz
-lar / ler
When the word ends with a vowel, use a Y as the consonant connector for first person and first person plural
Are you/they? Am I?
-miyim
-misin
-mi
-miyiz
-misiniz
-ler mi
Consonant assimilation
If the word ends with:
f s t k
ç ş h p
And the suffix begins with: b c d
Then:
b > p
c > ç
d > t
Locative Case
a ı o u > da
e i ö ü > de
f s t k ç ş h p > ta / te
