THEORY

Question 1

states that “Nursing encompasses
autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities,
sick or well and in all settings” Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness,
and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment,
research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management,
and education are also key nursing roles

Answer 1

The International Council for Nurses (ICN, 2002)

Question 2

states, ”nursing is the protection, promotion, and
optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering
through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of
individuals, families, communities, and populations”.

Answer 2

2. American Nurses Association (ANA)

Question 3

A person shall be deemed to be practicing nursing within the meaning of this
Act when he/she singly or in collaboration with another, initiates and performs nursing services
to individuals, families and communities in any health care setting.

Answer 3

The Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 (RA 9173)

Question 4

Nursing is a “dynamic discipline. It is an art and a science of caring for individuals, families,
groups, and communities geared toward promotion of health, prevention of illness, alleviation of
suffering and assisting clients to face death with dignity and peace.

Answer 4

The Association of Deans of Philippine Colleges of Nursing (ADPCN)

Question 5

A is a set of concepts and propositions that provide an orderly way to view phenomena

Answer 5

THEORY

Question 6

the components of a theory

Answer 6

PURPOSE
CONCEPTS
DEFINITIONS
PROPOSITIONS
ASSUMPTIONS

Question 7

It specifies the context and

situation within which the theory is formulated.

Answer 7

Purpose

Question 8

They are Ideas, mental images of a
phenomenon, an event or object that is derived from an individual’s experience and perception.
It refers to a “complex mental formulation of our Perceptions of the world.”

Answer 8

Concepts

Question 9

Identify categories or classes of phenomenon e.g… patient, nurse, & environment

Answer 9

Discrete:

Question 10

give meaning to concepts; make them clearer, and more understandable

Answer 10

Definitions

Question 11

Allows the classification of dimensions/ of an observation or phenomenon across
a continuum

Answer 11

Continuous:

Question 12

There are two types of definition:

Answer 12

Descriptive and Operational

Question 13

refers to the accepted meaning of the term already used like the
definition we find on the dictionaries

Answer 13

Descriptive (conceptual)

Question 14

– refers to the specific use or definition of the term within the theory.
It is how a word or concept is used in the theory and how it is defined by a particular theorist in
his/her theory.

Answer 14

Operational (stipulative)

Question 15

are expressions of relational statements between and among concepts.
Propositional statements in a theory represent the theorist’s particular view of which concepts fit
together and, in most theories, establish how concepts affect one another.

Answer 15

4. Propositions

Question 16

are accepted “truths” that are basic and fundamental to the theory; also called
givens.

Answer 16

Assumptions

Question 17

knowable or potentially knowable by empirical experience.

Answer 17

Factual assumptions

Question 18

asserts or implies what is right, good or ought to be

Answer 18

Value assumptions

Question 19

Characteristics of a theory:

Answer 19

systematic logical coherent, creative structuring of ideas , tentative in nature

Question 20

are abstract, broad in scope, and complex, therefore requiring further research
for clarification.

Answer 20

Grand theories

Question 21

Grand nursing theories do not provide guidance for specific nursing interventions but rather
provide a general framework and ideas about nursing.

Answer 21

Grand theories

Question 22

More limited in scope (as compared to grand theories) and present concepts and propositions
at a lower level of abstraction.

Answer 22

Middle-Range Nursing Theories

Question 23

are situation specific theories that are narrow in scope and focuses on
a specific patient population at a specific time.

Answer 23

Practice-Level Nursing Theories

Question 24

theories provide frameworks for nursing interventions and suggest
outcomes or the effect of nursing practice.

Answer 24

Practice-Level Nursing Theories

Question 25

are the first level of theory development. They describe the phenomena and identify its properties and components in which it occurs.

Answer 25

Descriptive theories

Question 26

There are two types of descriptive theories:

Answer 26

factor isolating theory and explanatory theory

Question 27

theories describe and explain the nature of relationships of certain phenomena to other phenomena.

Answer 27

Explanatory Theory

Question 28

Address the nursing interventions for a phenomenon, guide practice change, and predict consequences.

Answer 28

Prescriptive Theories

Question 29

can be defined as sets of empirical data or experiences that can be physically observed or tangible such as crying or grimacing when in pain.

Answer 29

A phenomenon

Question 30

In Nursing, phenomena can be:

Answer 30

1. Clinical or environmental setting of nursing 2. Disease process 3. Client’s behavior 4. Interventions – 5. Practices that are utilized in nursing theories and paradigm

Question 31

process of knowledge development.

Answer 31

Theory Development in nursing

Question 32

implies that theory development in nursing is based on | theories developed by other disciplines and used in nursing situations.

Answer 32

Theory → Practice → Theory

Question 33

strategy were based and evolved from clinical practice. The development of a theory is done through actual observations and experiences in the clinical area of the theorist. She then develops her own theory.

Answer 33

Practice → Theory

Question 34

Theory strategy was based on research findings done through observations of others like behavior

Answer 34

research theory

Question 35

strategy utilizes other theories developed by other disciplines but given a unique nursing perspective. Conceptual or theoretical frameworks in nursing research studies are adapted from these theories.

Answer 35

Theory → Research → Theory

Question 36

true or false 1. Theory guides nursing practice

Answer 36

true

Question 37

true or false science contributes to the development of the discipline’s body of knowledge

Answer 37

false

Question 38

Theory enhances communication

Answer 38

true

Question 39

Her work paved the way for modern nursing (written in the mid nineteenth century) which reflected her beliefs, observations and practice of nursing.

Answer 39

The writings of Florence Nightingale

Question 40

Nursing Research journal was published that encouraged the nurses to pursue research,

Answer 40

1952

Question 41

1952

Answer 41

Nursing Research journal was published

Question 42

Debate on the nature of nursing practice

Answer 42

Scientific era (1960s)

Question 43

Scientific era (1960s)

Answer 43

Debate on the nature of nursing practice

Question 44

1968

Answer 44

“Theory in a Practice Discipline”

Question 45

The first conference on nursing theory

Answer 45

1969

Question 46

Analysis and debate on metatheoretical issues

Answer 46

1970s

Question 47

1980s

Answer 47

acceptance theory in nursing

Question 48

– what year of publication of numerous books and articles on analysis, application evaluation and further development of nursing theories

Answer 48

1980s up to present

Question 49

1990s

Answer 49

nursing applied science

Question 50

It is a collection of facts known in area and the process used to obtain knowledge

Answer 50

Science

Question 51

involves acquiring knowledge through critical observation, formation of hypothesis or informed guess and experimenting to see whether the results match the hypothesis.

Answer 51

The scientific method

Question 52

It is an approach for thinking about the nature of people, the methods that should be used to create a scientific knowledge and the ethics involved.

Answer 52

Philosophy

Question 53

is the philosophy that knowledge comes from logic and a certain kind of intuition—when we immediately know something to be true without deduction, such as “I am conscious.”

Answer 53

Rationalism

Question 54

is the theory that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience.

Answer 54

Empiricism

Question 55

It emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas, and argues that the only knowledge humans can have is a posteriori (i.e. based on experience).

Answer 55

empiricism

Question 56

is the belief in innate ideas, | reason, and deduction

Answer 56

rationalism

Question 57

true or false : rationalism is the belief in sense perception, induction, and that there are no innate ideas

Answer 57

false

Question 58

Philosophers focused on the analysis of theory structure, whereas scientists focused on empirical research

Answer 58

Early Twentieth Century Views

Question 59

is the philosophy of science that information is derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge

Answer 59

Positivism

Question 60

Empiricists argue that for science to maintain its objectivity, data collection and analysis must be independent of a theory

Answer 60

Emergent Views

Question 61

the principal form relating factual and descriptive knowing aimed at the expansion of abstract and theoretical explanations; any scientific, researched based, theoretical and factual information that the nurse makes use of.

Answer 61

Empirical knowing

Question 62

requires knowledge of different philosophical positions regarding what is good and right in making moral actions and decisions, particularly in the theoretical and clinical components of nursing;

Answer 62

Ethical knowing

Question 63

related to understanding what is of significance to particular patients such as feelings, attitudes, points of view; also the manifestation of the creative and expressive styles of the nurse (Kenney,1996);

Answer 63

Esthetic or aesthetics knowing

Question 64

encompasses knowledge of the self in relation to others and to self. It involves entirety of the nurse-patient relationship; focused on realizing, meeting and defining the real, true self (self-awareness).

Answer 64

Personal knowing

Question 65

focuses on discovering the patterns that may describe a phenomenon

Answer 65

Post – positivism

Question 66

tends to promote understanding by addressing the meanings of the participants’ social interaction that emphasize situation, context and multiple cognitive constructions that individuals create on everyday events.

Answer 66

Interpretive paradigm

Question 67

knowledge development in nursing provides a framework for inquiring about the interaction between the social, political, economic, gender and cultural factors and experiences of health and illness

Answer 67

Critical paradigm