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Anatomy 2 > Theory 1 > Flashcards

Theory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are mammary glands

A

Modified sweat glands that produce milk.

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2
Q

What is lactation

A

The secretion of milk by the mammary glands

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3
Q

What determines size of breast?

A

Amount of adipose tissue

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4
Q

Which glands are milk secreting glands

A

Mammary glands

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5
Q

What connects the mammary lobes to the nipple

A

Lactiferous ducts

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6
Q

Purpose of lactiferous ducts

A

Collects milk from the lobules of each lobe and carries it to the nipple

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7
Q

What is areola

A

Pigmented area around nipple

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8
Q

What structure suspends breast from deep fascia of pectoral muscles ?

A

Suspensory ligaments of Cooper

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9
Q

What is Cooper’s droop

A

With time, Cooper’s ligaments stretch out causing the breasts to sit lower.

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10
Q

Position of mammary glands/breasts

A

Lateral to the sternum between ribs 2 to 6

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11
Q

Components of breast tissue

A

Fat/adipose
Fibrous tissue
Glands

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12
Q

Which muscle is referred to as the swimming muscle

A

Pectoralis major muscle

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13
Q

Which muscle lies under the breasts

A

Pectoralis major muscle

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14
Q

What bones make up the pectoral (shoulder) girdle ?

A

Scapula and Clavicle

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15
Q

Clavicle articulates with the sternum, creating which joint

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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16
Q

The clavicle articulates with the scapula, creating which joint

A

Acromioclavicular joint

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17
Q

True or false
The scapula is held in place by muscles only c.

A

true

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18
Q

The upper limb is attached to the pectoral girdle via which joint

A

Glenohumeral joint

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19
Q

Which bone is referred to as the collarbone

A

Clavicle

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20
Q

Shape of clavicle

A

S-shaped with two curves

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21
Q

Describe the two curves of the clavicle

A

Medial curve = convex
Lateral curve = concave

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22
Q

Position of the clavicle

A

Extends from sternum to scapula above the first rib

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23
Q

Where is the most common fracture site on the clavicle

A

At the junction of the curves

(Where the two curves meet)

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24
Q

Clavicle is stabilized by :

A

Ligaments

(Acromioclavicular ligament + coracoclavicular ligament)

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25
Q

Processes of the scapula

A

Acromion process
Coracoid process

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26
Q

What are the different fossa of the scapula

A

Subscapular fossa
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa

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27
Q

What fossa is located on the anterior side of the scapula

A

Subscapular fossa

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28
Q

What fossa is located above the spine of the scapula

A

Supraspinous fossa

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29
Q

What fossa is located under the spine of the scapula

A

Infraspinous fossa

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30
Q

Triangle flat bone found in upper back region is

A

Scapula

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31
Q

What muscle sits in the subscapular fossa

A

Subscapularis

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32
Q

The scapular spine ends as ____________________.

A

Acromion process

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33
Q

Which bony parts form the shoulder joint

A

Glenoid cavity of scapula
+
Head of humerus

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34
Q

Which muscle sits in the supraspinous fossa

A

Supraspinatus muscle

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35
Q

Which muscle sits in the infraspinous fossa

A

Infraspinatus muscle

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36
Q

Each upper limb has how many bones

A

30

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37
Q

What are the 30 bones of the upper limb ?

A

Humerus
Radius
Ulna
8 carpal bones
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges (5 proximal; 4 middle; 5 distal)

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38
Q

What are the joints of the upper limb

A

Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Wrist joint
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints

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39
Q

Bony landmarks on the proximal end of the humerus

A

Head
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Greater and lesser tubercles
Intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)
Deltoid tuberosity
Shaft

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40
Q

What is the surgical neck on the humerus ?

A

Common fracture site

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41
Q

Bony landmarks on the distal end of the humerus

A

Capitulum
Trochlea
Olecranon fossa
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Medial and lateral epicondyles

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42
Q

What part of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius

A

Capitulum

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43
Q

What part of the humerus articulates with the ulna

A

Trochlea

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44
Q

Where fossa is located on the posterior side of the distal part of the humerus

A

Olecranon fossa

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45
Q

Purpose of the medial and lateral epicondyles

A

Attachment of forearm muscles

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46
Q

What part of the ulna articulates with the humerus

A

Trochlear notch

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47
Q

What part of the ulna articulates with the radius

A

Radial notch

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48
Q

What forms the pointy part of the elbow

A

Olecranon process of ulna

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49
Q

The radial head articulates with what part of the humerus and what part of the ulna

A

Capitulum of humerus
Radial notch of ulna

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50
Q

What attaches to the radial tuberosity

A

Biceps brachii (short head)

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51
Q

True or false
The ulna’s head is at the distal end

A

True

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52
Q

The head of the ulna is separated from the wrist joint by ___________________.

A

Fibrocartilage disc

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53
Q

The radius forms a wrist joint with what carpal bones

A

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum

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54
Q

The radius forms radioulnar joint with what part of the ulna

A

Head of the ulna

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55
Q

True or false
Both ulna and radius have Styloid processes

A

True

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56
Q

True or false
The ulna attaches to carpal bones

A

False

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57
Q

How many carpal bones are there

A

8

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58
Q

Proximal row of carpal bones :

A

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform

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59
Q

Which carpal bone is boat shaped

A

Scaphoid

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60
Q

Which carpal bone is moon shaped

A

Lunate

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61
Q

Which carpal bone is triangular (has 3 corners)

A

Triquetrum

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62
Q

Which carpal bone is pea shaped

A

Pisiform

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63
Q

Distal row of the carpal bones include:

A

Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

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64
Q

Which carpal bones are four sided

A

Trapezium
Trapezoid

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65
Q

Which carpal bone is the largest

A

Capitate

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66
Q

Which carpal bone has a hook (hooked process)?

A

Hamate

67
Q

Tunnel bounded by carpal bones and flexor retinaculum

A

Carpal tunnel

68
Q

What nerve passes through the carpal tunnel

A

Median nerve

69
Q

How many metacarpals are there and how are they numbered

A

5 metacarpals
The numbering starts from the thumb

70
Q

Each metacarpal consists of a _______,___________,and _______.

A

Base
Shaft
Head

71
Q

The “Knuckles” refers to which structure

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints

72
Q

How many phalanges are there

A

14
(5 prox / 4 mid/ 5 dist)

73
Q

Which finger lacks a middle phalanx

A

Thumb

74
Q

The armpit region is referred to as the

A

Axilla

75
Q

Where is the axilla

A

Between upper part of arm and side of chest

76
Q

The axilla has an ________ and a _________

A

Apex and base

77
Q

The apex of the axilla is bounded by :

A

Clavicle from the front
Upper border of scapula from the back
Outer border of first rib medially

78
Q

The base of the axilla is bounded by

A
79
Q

What makes up the walls of the axilla

A
80
Q

What are the contents of the axilla

A

Axillary artery
Axillary vein
Brachial plexus
Lymph nodes

81
Q

What does the brachial plexus provide

A

Sensory innervation - skin, joints, deep structures
Motor innervation - muscles
Sympathetic vasomotor nerves - diameter of blood vessels
Sympathetic secretomotor nerves- sweat glands

82
Q

Brachial plexus is formed in which triangle of the neck ?

A

Posterior

83
Q

The brachial plexus is formed in the posterior triangle of the neck by the union of :

A

VENTRAL rami of C5 to T1

84
Q

What does the brachial plexus supply

A

Shoulder and upper limb

85
Q

Where does the brachial plexus pass?

A

Superior to 1st rib and under clavicle

86
Q

The brachial plexus can be divided into :

A

Roots, trunks, divisions and cords

87
Q

What are the roots of the brachial plexus

A

C5
C6
C7
C8
T1

88
Q

What are the trunks of the brachial plexus and what roots form them

A
89
Q

Each trunk of the brachial plexus has an ___________ and ___________ division

A

Anterior and posterior

90
Q

What are the cords of the brachial plexus and what forms them ?

A
91
Q

What makes the lateral cord

A

Anterior divisions of BOTH upper and middle trunks

92
Q

What makes up the medial cord

A

Anterior division of lower trunk

93
Q

What makes up the posterior cord

A

Posterior divisions of ALL trunks

94
Q

The cords of the brachial plexus become arranged around what structure ??

A

Axillary artery

(And that’s why they are referred to as lateral, medial, and posterior)

95
Q

The axillary vessels and brachial plexus are enclosed in ________________.

A

Axillary sheath

96
Q

Where do all three cords start out?

A

Above and lateral to the FIRST part of the axillary artery

97
Q

What nerves branch from the roots of the brachial plexus

A

Dorsal scapular (C5)
Long thoracic (C5-C7)

98
Q

What nerves branch from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus

A

Subclavian (C5-C6)
Suprascapular

99
Q

What main nerve branches from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus

A

Musculocutaneous

100
Q

What main nerve branches from the medial cord of the brachial plexus

A

Ulnar

101
Q

What main nerves branch from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus

A

Axillary
Radial

102
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of pectoralis major

A

Origin: clavicle, sternum, upper 6 costal cartilages

Insertion: bicipital groove

Nerve: medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Function: ADDucts and medially rotates arm

(Clavicular fibers also flex arm)

103
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of pectoralis minor

A

Origin: ribs 3-5

Insertion: coracoid process

Nerve: medial pectoral

Function: depression of scapula , elevation of ribs

104
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of subclavius

A

Origin : first costal cartilage

Insertion: clavicle

Nerve: subclavian

Function: depression of clavicle

105
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of serratus anterior

A

Origin: ribs 1-8

Insertion: medial border + inferior angle of scapula

Nerve: long thoracic

Function: protraction, abduction, upward rotation of scapula

106
Q

What muscles connect the upper limb to the thoracic wall

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius
Serratus anterior

107
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of deltoid

A

Origin: lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

Insertion: lateral surface of shaft of humerus

Nerve: axillary nerve

Function: abducts arm
- anterior fibers (flex and medially rotate arm)
- posterior fibers (extend and laterally rotates arm)

108
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of supraspinatus

A

Origin: supraspinous fossa

Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus

Nerve: suprascapular nerve

Function: abducts arm (first 15 degrees) and stabilizes shoulder

109
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of infraspinatus

A

Origin: infraspinous fossa

Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus

Nerve: suprascapular nerve

Function: laterally rotates arm and stabilizes shoulder

110
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of teres major

A

Origin: lateral border of scapula

Insertion: bicipital groove

Nerve: lower subscapular nerve

Function: medially rotates and adducts arm

111
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of teres minor

A

Origin: lateral border of scapula

Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus

Nerve: axillary nerve

Function: laterally rotates arm and stabilizes shoulder

112
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of Subscapularis

A

Origin: subscapular fossa

Insertion: lesser tuberosity of humerus

Nerve: upper and lower subscapular nerves

Function: medially rotates arm and stabilizes shoulder joint

113
Q

What are the muscles that connect the scapula to the humerus

A

Deltoid
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Subscapularis

114
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of trapezius

A

Origin: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7-T12

Insertions:
-upper fibers (clavicle)
- middle and lower fibers (acromion and spine of scapula)

Nerve: spinal part of accessory nerve

Function:
-upper fibers (elevate scapula)
-middle fibers (adduct scapula)
-lower fibers (depression of scapula)

115
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of latissimus dorsi

A

Origin: iliac crest, spines of T6-T12, inferior angle of scapula and lower ribs

Insertion: bicipital groove

Nerve: thoracodorsal nerve

Function: extends, adducts and medially rotates the arm

116
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of Levator scapulae

A

Origin: transverse process of C1-C4

Insertion: medial border of scapula

Nerve: dorsal scapular + C3 and C4

Function: elevates medial border of scapula

117
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of rhomboid minor

A

Origin: ligamentum nuchae, and spines of C7-T1

Insertion: medial border of scapula

Nerve: dorsal scapular nerve

Function: elevates scapula upward and medially (downward rotation?)

118
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of rhomboid major

A

Origin: spines of T2 to T5

Insertions: medial border of scapula

Nerve: dorsal scapular nerve

Function: elevate scapula upward and medially

119
Q

Muscles that connect the upper limb to the vertebral column

A

Trapezium
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapula
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major

120
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles

A

Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

SITS

121
Q

Where is the rotator cuff deficient ??

A

INFERIORLY

122
Q

Boundaries of quadrangular space

A
123
Q

Contents of the quadrangular space

A

Axillar nerve
Posterior circumflex humeral vessels

124
Q

What does the spinal part of the accessory nerve supply

A

Trapezius muscle

125
Q

Where does the spinal part of the accessory nerve run

A

Downward in the posterior triangle of neck on Levator scapula muscle
And it is accompanied by C3 and C4

126
Q

Where does the suprascapular nerve pass?

A

Under the suprascapular ligament that bridges the suprascapular notch to reach supraspinous fossa

127
Q

Where is the axillary nerve

A

Inferior to shoulder capsule
Medial side of the surgical neck of humerus

128
Q

How does the axillary nerve terminate

A

By dividing into anterior and posterior branches

129
Q

What nerve supplies the skin over the shoulder to halfway down the deltoid muscle

A

Supraclavicular nerves (C3-C4)

130
Q

What supplies the skin over the lower half of the deltoid

A

Upper lateral cutaneous nerve (C5-C6, axillary)

131
Q

What supplies the skin over the lateral surface of the arm below deltoid

A

Lower cutaneous nerve (C5-C6, radial )

132
Q

What supplies the skin over the armpit and medial side of the arm ?

A

Medial cutaneous and intercostobrachial nerves

133
Q

What supplies the skin of the back of the arm

A

Posterior cutaneous nerve (C8)

134
Q

The upper arm is divided into two compartments

A

Anterioir and posterior

By the fascia

135
Q

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm

A

Biceps brachii
Corabrachialis
Brachialis

136
Q

Nerve supply to the anterior compartment of the arm

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

(Motor in arm / sensory in forearm)

137
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of biceps brachii

A

Origin :
- long head (Supraglenoid tubercle)
- short head (coracoid process)

Insertion: radial tuberosity

Nerve: musculocutaneous

Function: elbow flexors + supinator of forearm

138
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of Coracobrachialis

A

Origin: coracoid process

Insertion : medial shaft of humerus

Nerve : musculocutaneous

Function: flexes arm , weak adductors

139
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of brachialis

A

Origin: humerus

Insertion: Coronoid process of ulna

Nerve: musculocutaneous

Function: elbow flexor

140
Q

What nerve pierces the Coracobrachialis muscle then passes downward between biceps and brachialis muscle

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

141
Q

What nerve runs downward on the lateral side of the brachial artery, then crosses the artery and continues down to its medial side

A

Median nerve

142
Q

What nerve passes medial to the brachial artery and behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus

A

Ulnar nerve

143
Q

Which nerve enters the posterior compartment of the arm and then enters the anterior compartment just above the lateral humeral epicondyle?

A

Radial nerve

144
Q

Muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm

A

Triceps muscle

145
Q

What supplies the posterior compartment of the arm

A

Radial nerve

146
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of triceps

A

Origin:
- long head (Infraglenoid tubercle)
- lateral head (upper shaft of humerus posteriorly)
- medial head (lower shaft of humerus posteriorly)

Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna

Nerve: radial nerve

Function: extensor of elbow joint

147
Q

What nerve pierces the lateral fascial septum above the elbow and continues down into the cubical fossa in front of the elbow

A

Radial nerve

148
Q

What pierces the MEDIAL fascial septum halfway down the upper arm

A

Ulnar nerve

149
Q

Fascia divides the forearm into 3 compartments :

A

Anterior
Posterior
Lateral

150
Q

Muscles of the anterior compartment of forearm

A
151
Q

What supplies the anterior compartment of the forearm

A

Median nerve

EXCEPPTT :
-flexor carpi ulnaris
- medial part of flexor digitorum profundus
Which are supplied by the ULNAR nerve (exam question)

152
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of pronator teres

A

Origin:
- humeral head (medial epicondyle of humerus)
- ulnar head (Coronoid process of ulna)

Insertion: lateral shaft of radius

Nerve : median nerve

Function: pronation and flexion of forearm

153
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of flexor carpi radialis

A

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones

Nerve: median

Function: flexes and abducts hand at wrist joint

154
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of Palmaris longus

A

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis

Nerve: median

Function: flexes hand

155
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of flexor carpi ulnaris

A

Origin:
- humeral head (medial epicondyle of humerus)
- ulnar head (Olecranon process)

Insertion: pisiform, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal

Nerve: ulnar

Function: flexes and adducts hand at wrist joint

156
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Origin:
- humeroulnar head (medial epicondyle + Coronoid process)
- radial head (shaft of radius)

Insertion: middle phalanx of four fingers

Nerve: median nerve

Function: flexes middle phalanx of fingers

157
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of flexor policis longus

A

Origin: shaft of radius

Insertion: distal phalanx of thumb

Nerve: anterior interosseous of median nerve

Function: flexes distal phalanx of thumb

158
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of flexor digitorum profundus

A

Origin: shaft of ulna

Insertion: distal phalanges of 4 fingers

Nerve: ulnar (medial half), median (lateral half)

Function: flexes distal phalanx

159
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of pronator quadratus

A

Origin: shaft of ulna

Insertion: shaft of radius

Nerve : anterior interosseous of median nerve

Function: pronates forearm

160
Q

Which nerve leaves the cubical fossa by passing between the two heads or pronator teres

A

Median nerve

161
Q

Muscles of the lateral compartment of the forearm

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus

162
Q

Nerve supply to the lateral compartment of the forearm

A

Radial nerve

163
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of Brachioradialis

A

Origin: lateral suprocondylar ridge of humerus

Insertion: radial Styloid process

Nerve: radial nerve

Action: flexes forearm at elbow joint, rotates forearm to midprone position

164
Q

Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of extensor carpi radialis longus

A

Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Insertion: 2nd metacarpal bone

Nerve: radial

Function: extends and abducts hand at wrist joint

Anatomy 2 (2 decks)

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