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Theory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are mammary glands

A

Modified sweat glands that produce milk.

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2
Q

What is lactation

A

The secretion of milk by the mammary glands

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3
Q

What determines size of breast?

A

Amount of adipose tissue

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4
Q

Which glands are milk secreting glands

A

Mammary glands

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5
Q

What connects the mammary lobes to the nipple

A

Lactiferous ducts

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6
Q

Purpose of lactiferous ducts

A

Collects milk from the lobules of each lobe and carries it to the nipple

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7
Q

What is areola

A

Pigmented area around nipple

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8
Q

What structure suspends breast from deep fascia of pectoral muscles ?

A

Suspensory ligaments of Cooper

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9
Q

What is Cooper’s droop

A

With time, Cooper’s ligaments stretch out causing the breasts to sit lower.

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10
Q

Position of mammary glands/breasts

A

Lateral to the sternum between ribs 2 to 6

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11
Q

Components of breast tissue

A

Fat/adipose
Fibrous tissue
Glands

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12
Q

Which muscle is referred to as the swimming muscle

A

Pectoralis major muscle

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13
Q

Which muscle lies under the breasts

A

Pectoralis major muscle

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14
Q

What bones make up the pectoral (shoulder) girdle ?

A

Scapula and Clavicle

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15
Q

Clavicle articulates with the sternum, creating which joint

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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16
Q

The clavicle articulates with the scapula, creating which joint

A

Acromioclavicular joint

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17
Q

True or false
The scapula is held in place by muscles only c.

A

true

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18
Q

The upper limb is attached to the pectoral girdle via which joint

A

Glenohumeral joint

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19
Q

Which bone is referred to as the collarbone

A

Clavicle

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20
Q

Shape of clavicle

A

S-shaped with two curves

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21
Q

Describe the two curves of the clavicle

A

Medial curve = convex
Lateral curve = concave

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22
Q

Position of the clavicle

A

Extends from sternum to scapula above the first rib

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23
Q

Where is the most common fracture site on the clavicle

A

At the junction of the curves

(Where the two curves meet)

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24
Q

Clavicle is stabilized by :

A

Ligaments

(Acromioclavicular ligament + coracoclavicular ligament)

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25
Processes of the scapula
Acromion process Coracoid process
26
What are the different fossa of the scapula
Subscapular fossa Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa
27
What fossa is located on the anterior side of the scapula
Subscapular fossa
28
What fossa is located above the spine of the scapula
Supraspinous fossa
29
What fossa is located under the spine of the scapula
Infraspinous fossa
30
Triangle flat bone found in upper back region is
Scapula
31
What muscle sits in the subscapular fossa
Subscapularis
32
The scapular spine ends as ____________________.
Acromion process
33
Which bony parts form the shoulder joint
Glenoid cavity of scapula + Head of humerus
34
Which muscle sits in the supraspinous fossa
Supraspinatus muscle
35
Which muscle sits in the infraspinous fossa
Infraspinatus muscle
36
Each upper limb has how many bones
30
37
What are the 30 bones of the upper limb ?
Humerus Radius Ulna 8 carpal bones 5 metacarpals 14 phalanges (5 proximal; 4 middle; 5 distal)
38
What are the joints of the upper limb
Shoulder joint Elbow joint Wrist joint Metacarpophalangeal joints Interphalangeal joints
39
Bony landmarks on the proximal end of the humerus
Head Anatomical neck Surgical neck Greater and lesser tubercles Intertubercular groove (bicipital groove) Deltoid tuberosity Shaft
40
What is the surgical neck on the humerus ?
Common fracture site
41
Bony landmarks on the distal end of the humerus
Capitulum Trochlea Olecranon fossa Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Medial and lateral epicondyles
42
What part of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius
Capitulum
43
What part of the humerus articulates with the ulna
Trochlea
44
Where fossa is located on the posterior side of the distal part of the humerus
Olecranon fossa
45
Purpose of the medial and lateral epicondyles
Attachment of forearm muscles
46
What part of the ulna articulates with the humerus
Trochlear notch
47
What part of the ulna articulates with the radius
Radial notch
48
What forms the pointy part of the elbow
Olecranon process of ulna
49
The radial head articulates with what part of the humerus and what part of the ulna
Capitulum of humerus Radial notch of ulna
50
What attaches to the radial tuberosity
Biceps brachii (short head)
51
True or false The ulna’s head is at the distal end
True
52
The head of the ulna is separated from the wrist joint by ___________________.
Fibrocartilage disc
53
The radius forms a wrist joint with what carpal bones
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum
54
The radius forms radioulnar joint with what part of the ulna
Head of the ulna
55
True or false Both ulna and radius have Styloid processes
True
56
True or false The ulna attaches to carpal bones
False
57
How many carpal bones are there
8
58
Proximal row of carpal bones :
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform
59
Which carpal bone is boat shaped
Scaphoid
60
Which carpal bone is moon shaped
Lunate
61
Which carpal bone is triangular (has 3 corners)
Triquetrum
62
Which carpal bone is pea shaped
Pisiform
63
Distal row of the carpal bones include:
Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
64
Which carpal bones are four sided
Trapezium Trapezoid
65
Which carpal bone is the largest
Capitate
66
Which carpal bone has a hook (hooked process)?
Hamate
67
Tunnel bounded by carpal bones and flexor retinaculum
Carpal tunnel
68
What nerve passes through the carpal tunnel
Median nerve
69
How many metacarpals are there and how are they numbered
5 metacarpals The numbering starts from the thumb
70
Each metacarpal consists of a _______,___________,and _______.
Base Shaft Head
71
The “Knuckles” refers to which structure
Metacarpophalangeal joints
72
How many phalanges are there
14 (5 prox / 4 mid/ 5 dist)
73
Which finger lacks a middle phalanx
Thumb
74
The armpit region is referred to as the
Axilla
75
Where is the axilla
Between upper part of arm and side of chest
76
The axilla has an ________ and a _________
Apex and base
77
The apex of the axilla is bounded by :
Clavicle from the front Upper border of scapula from the back Outer border of first rib medially
78
The base of the axilla is bounded by
79
What makes up the walls of the axilla
80
What are the contents of the axilla
Axillary artery Axillary vein Brachial plexus Lymph nodes
81
What does the brachial plexus provide
Sensory innervation - skin, joints, deep structures Motor innervation - muscles Sympathetic vasomotor nerves - diameter of blood vessels Sympathetic secretomotor nerves- sweat glands
82
Brachial plexus is formed in which triangle of the neck ?
Posterior
83
The brachial plexus is formed in the posterior triangle of the neck by the union of :
VENTRAL rami of C5 to T1
84
What does the brachial plexus supply
Shoulder and upper limb
85
Where does the brachial plexus pass?
Superior to 1st rib and under clavicle
86
The brachial plexus can be divided into :
Roots, trunks, divisions and cords
87
What are the roots of the brachial plexus
C5 C6 C7 C8 T1
88
What are the trunks of the brachial plexus and what roots form them
89
Each trunk of the brachial plexus has an ___________ and ___________ division
Anterior and posterior
90
What are the cords of the brachial plexus and what forms them ?
91
What makes the lateral cord
Anterior divisions of BOTH upper and middle trunks
92
What makes up the medial cord
Anterior division of lower trunk
93
What makes up the posterior cord
Posterior divisions of ALL trunks
94
The cords of the brachial plexus become arranged around what structure ??
Axillary artery (And that’s why they are referred to as lateral, medial, and posterior)
95
The axillary vessels and brachial plexus are enclosed in ________________.
Axillary sheath
96
Where do all three cords start out?
Above and lateral to the FIRST part of the axillary artery
97
What nerves branch from the roots of the brachial plexus
Dorsal scapular (C5) Long thoracic (C5-C7)
98
What nerves branch from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus
Subclavian (C5-C6) Suprascapular
99
What main nerve branches from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus
Musculocutaneous
100
What main nerve branches from the medial cord of the brachial plexus
Ulnar
101
What main nerves branch from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
Axillary Radial
102
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of pectoralis major
Origin: clavicle, sternum, upper 6 costal cartilages Insertion: bicipital groove Nerve: medial and lateral pectoral nerves Function: ADDucts and medially rotates arm (Clavicular fibers also flex arm)
103
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of pectoralis minor
Origin: ribs 3-5 Insertion: coracoid process Nerve: medial pectoral Function: depression of scapula , elevation of ribs
104
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of subclavius
Origin : first costal cartilage Insertion: clavicle Nerve: subclavian Function: depression of clavicle
105
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of serratus anterior
Origin: ribs 1-8 Insertion: medial border + inferior angle of scapula Nerve: long thoracic Function: protraction, abduction, upward rotation of scapula
106
What muscles connect the upper limb to the thoracic wall
Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Subclavius Serratus anterior
107
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of deltoid
Origin: lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula Insertion: lateral surface of shaft of humerus Nerve: axillary nerve Function: abducts arm - anterior fibers (flex and medially rotate arm) - posterior fibers (extend and laterally rotates arm)
108
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of supraspinatus
Origin: supraspinous fossa Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus Nerve: suprascapular nerve Function: abducts arm (first 15 degrees) and stabilizes shoulder
109
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of infraspinatus
Origin: infraspinous fossa Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus Nerve: suprascapular nerve Function: laterally rotates arm and stabilizes shoulder
110
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of teres major
Origin: lateral border of scapula Insertion: bicipital groove Nerve: lower subscapular nerve Function: medially rotates and adducts arm
111
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of teres minor
Origin: lateral border of scapula Insertion: greater tuberosity of humerus Nerve: axillary nerve Function: laterally rotates arm and stabilizes shoulder
112
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of Subscapularis
Origin: subscapular fossa Insertion: lesser tuberosity of humerus Nerve: upper and lower subscapular nerves Function: medially rotates arm and stabilizes shoulder joint
113
What are the muscles that connect the scapula to the humerus
Deltoid Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Subscapularis
114
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of trapezius
Origin: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7-T12 Insertions: -upper fibers (clavicle) - middle and lower fibers (acromion and spine of scapula) Nerve: spinal part of accessory nerve Function: -upper fibers (elevate scapula) -middle fibers (adduct scapula) -lower fibers (depression of scapula)
115
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of latissimus dorsi
Origin: iliac crest, spines of T6-T12, inferior angle of scapula and lower ribs Insertion: bicipital groove Nerve: thoracodorsal nerve Function: extends, adducts and medially rotates the arm
116
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of Levator scapulae
Origin: transverse process of C1-C4 Insertion: medial border of scapula Nerve: dorsal scapular + C3 and C4 Function: elevates medial border of scapula
117
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of rhomboid minor
Origin: ligamentum nuchae, and spines of C7-T1 Insertion: medial border of scapula Nerve: dorsal scapular nerve Function: elevates scapula upward and medially (downward rotation?)
118
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of rhomboid major
Origin: spines of T2 to T5 Insertions: medial border of scapula Nerve: dorsal scapular nerve Function: elevate scapula upward and medially
119
Muscles that connect the upper limb to the vertebral column
Trapezium Latissimus dorsi Levator scapula Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major
120
What are the rotator cuff muscles
Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor SITS
121
Where is the rotator cuff deficient ??
INFERIORLY
122
Boundaries of quadrangular space
123
Contents of the quadrangular space
Axillar nerve Posterior circumflex humeral vessels
124
What does the spinal part of the accessory nerve supply
Trapezius muscle
125
Where does the spinal part of the accessory nerve run
Downward in the posterior triangle of neck on Levator scapula muscle And it is accompanied by C3 and C4
126
Where does the suprascapular nerve pass?
Under the suprascapular ligament that bridges the suprascapular notch to reach supraspinous fossa
127
Where is the axillary nerve
Inferior to shoulder capsule Medial side of the surgical neck of humerus
128
How does the axillary nerve terminate
By dividing into anterior and posterior branches
129
What nerve supplies the skin over the shoulder to halfway down the deltoid muscle
Supraclavicular nerves (C3-C4)
130
What supplies the skin over the lower half of the deltoid
Upper lateral cutaneous nerve (C5-C6, axillary)
131
What supplies the skin over the lateral surface of the arm below deltoid
Lower cutaneous nerve (C5-C6, radial )
132
What supplies the skin over the armpit and medial side of the arm ?
Medial cutaneous and intercostobrachial nerves
133
What supplies the skin of the back of the arm
Posterior cutaneous nerve (C8)
134
The upper arm is divided into two compartments
Anterioir and posterior By the fascia
135
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm
Biceps brachii Corabrachialis Brachialis
136
Nerve supply to the anterior compartment of the arm
Musculocutaneous nerve (Motor in arm / sensory in forearm)
137
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of biceps brachii
Origin : - long head (Supraglenoid tubercle) - short head (coracoid process) Insertion: radial tuberosity Nerve: musculocutaneous Function: elbow flexors + supinator of forearm
138
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of Coracobrachialis
Origin: coracoid process Insertion : medial shaft of humerus Nerve : musculocutaneous Function: flexes arm , weak adductors
139
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of brachialis
Origin: humerus Insertion: Coronoid process of ulna Nerve: musculocutaneous Function: elbow flexor
140
What nerve pierces the Coracobrachialis muscle then passes downward between biceps and brachialis muscle
Musculocutaneous nerve
141
What nerve runs downward on the lateral side of the brachial artery, then crosses the artery and continues down to its medial side
Median nerve
142
What nerve passes medial to the brachial artery and behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus
Ulnar nerve
143
Which nerve enters the posterior compartment of the arm and then enters the anterior compartment just above the lateral humeral epicondyle?
Radial nerve
144
Muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm
Triceps muscle
145
What supplies the posterior compartment of the arm
Radial nerve
146
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of triceps
Origin: - long head (Infraglenoid tubercle) - lateral head (upper shaft of humerus posteriorly) - medial head (lower shaft of humerus posteriorly) Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna Nerve: radial nerve Function: extensor of elbow joint
147
What nerve pierces the lateral fascial septum above the elbow and continues down into the cubical fossa in front of the elbow
Radial nerve
148
What pierces the MEDIAL fascial septum halfway down the upper arm
Ulnar nerve
149
Fascia divides the forearm into 3 compartments :
Anterior Posterior Lateral
150
Muscles of the anterior compartment of forearm
151
What supplies the anterior compartment of the forearm
Median nerve EXCEPPTT : -flexor carpi ulnaris - medial part of flexor digitorum profundus Which are supplied by the ULNAR nerve (exam question)
152
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of pronator teres
Origin: - humeral head (medial epicondyle of humerus) - ulnar head (Coronoid process of ulna) Insertion: lateral shaft of radius Nerve : median nerve Function: pronation and flexion of forearm
153
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of flexor carpi radialis
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones Nerve: median Function: flexes and abducts hand at wrist joint
154
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of Palmaris longus
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis Nerve: median Function: flexes hand
155
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of flexor carpi ulnaris
Origin: - humeral head (medial epicondyle of humerus) - ulnar head (Olecranon process) Insertion: pisiform, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal Nerve: ulnar Function: flexes and adducts hand at wrist joint
156
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of flexor digitorum superficialis
Origin: - humeroulnar head (medial epicondyle + Coronoid process) - radial head (shaft of radius) Insertion: middle phalanx of four fingers Nerve: median nerve Function: flexes middle phalanx of fingers
157
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of flexor policis longus
Origin: shaft of radius Insertion: distal phalanx of thumb Nerve: anterior interosseous of median nerve Function: flexes distal phalanx of thumb
158
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of flexor digitorum profundus
Origin: shaft of ulna Insertion: distal phalanges of 4 fingers Nerve: ulnar (medial half), median (lateral half) Function: flexes distal phalanx
159
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of pronator quadratus
Origin: shaft of ulna Insertion: shaft of radius Nerve : anterior interosseous of median nerve Function: pronates forearm
160
Which nerve leaves the cubical fossa by passing between the two heads or pronator teres
Median nerve
161
Muscles of the lateral compartment of the forearm
Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus
162
Nerve supply to the lateral compartment of the forearm
Radial nerve
163
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of Brachioradialis
Origin: lateral suprocondylar ridge of humerus Insertion: radial Styloid process Nerve: radial nerve Action: flexes forearm at elbow joint, rotates forearm to midprone position
164
Origin, insertion, innervation, and function of extensor carpi radialis longus
Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus Insertion: 2nd metacarpal bone Nerve: radial Function: extends and abducts hand at wrist joint

Anatomy 2 (2 decks)

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