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SO 310 > Theorists Pt 1 > Flashcards

Theorists Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

August Comte- social context

A
  • b. 1798-1857
  • France during the revolution
  • smart and educated
  • influenced by natural sciences
  • “naturally ceased” believing in God
  • opposed to monarchy/divine right
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2
Q

August Comte- central concerns

A

-positivism: scientific approach to society
-experiments but they’re not like now, they’re based on observation
-how to have change without upheaval
-

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3
Q

Auguste Comte- nature of social change

A
  • wants gradual change w/o upheaval

- individuals should bring about change in a non-self serving way

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4
Q

Auguste Comte- human nature

A
  • individuals have a duty to society
  • people can’t be their best selves without society
  • we need society
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5
Q

Emile Durkheim- social context

A
  • raised Jewish but left all religion
  • saw religion as an institution but valued some parts of it ie family cohesion
  • very intellectual, was educated in philosophy and later taught as a professor
  • went against religious order
  • society was very stable during his lifetime
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6
Q

Emile Durkheim- central concerns

A
  • VERY focused on maintaining social order
  • morality
  • structural functionalist
  • applying scientific approach to society (positivist)
  • identifying social facts: we can identify, categorize, develop causal relationships
  • rising suicide rates and connection to modernity
  • collective consciousness and social solidarity
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7
Q

Emile Durkheim- social change

A

Occurs when collective conscious is out of step with other institutions

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8
Q

Emile Durkheim- human nature

A
  • people need society
  • humans are emotionally linked to eachother
  • the benefit of society involves conformity
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9
Q

Max Weber- historical context

A
  • born Prussia 1864-1920
  • oldest of 8
  • sick as a child and throughout his life
  • very intellectual
  • mother was Calvinist, father was not
  • Weber left religion, focused on academics
  • served in military and experiences in WW1 lead him to question modern govt
  • family conflict weighed heavily on him
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10
Q

Max Weber- central concerns

A
  • meso psychologist- not interested in theories of everything
  • against grand truth
  • religion, the state, the economy
  • Rationalization
  • Social action
  • Ideal Type
  • hermeneutics and symbolic representation
  • Stratification
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11
Q

Max Weber- human nature

A
  • neutral view of human nature
  • focus on human relationships: to others, society, themselves
  • we all make our own meaning
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12
Q

Verstehen

A
  • Max Weber
  • interpretative understanding
  • we can’t understand what’s happening until we understand how people interpret things
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13
Q

Max Weber- indirect vs. direct understanding

A
  • direct: what happened

- indirect: the why

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14
Q

Ideal Type

A
  • Max Weber
  • an analytical construct we have in our heads about what should be
  • need to be aware that we all have ideal types through which we view reality
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15
Q

Max Weber and Social Action

A
  • positivists focus on cause and effect but Weber also cares a/b meaning and interpretation
  • meaningful action
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16
Q

Max Weber: 4 types of meaningful action

A
  • emotional
  • traditional
  • value-rational: motivated by commitment to values
  • instrumental rational: motivated by cost benefit

*cares about value rational and instrumental rational the most

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17
Q

Max Weber: Rationalization

A
  • drive towards objective reason and rational thought
  • this movement drives social change
  • Weber sees +ves of this but also says it can lead to disenchantment, less emotion, losing part of our humanity
  • positivism can overshadow individual experience
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18
Q

Max Weber: social change

A
  • marked by movement towards rational thinking
  • combo of social climate and type of leadership
  • can lead to disenchantment
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19
Q

Disenchantment

A
  • Max Weber

- rationality and scientific thought valued more than belief and emotion

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20
Q

Weber: The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism

A
  • one of Weber’s works
  • argues that specific features of Western culture allowed capitalism to emerge
  • Calvinism and Protestantism contributed to capitalism
  • Martin Luther’s individualism (individual relationships with God) and concept of calling
  • people are supposed to work individually at whatever God calls them to and do their best bc they’re working for God
  • predestination: good work is seen as evidence that you’re saved
  • separated from the religious aspect and you have capitalism
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21
Q

Weber and Class

A
  • class is based on your ability to buy/sell goods and services that bring satisfaction and increase life chances
  • based on control of property and control of market
  • both on a continuum with negative privilege, positive privilege, and middle class positions
  • class is only one of three systems of stratification
22
Q

Max Weber: Stratification

A

3 factors: class, status, party
Class- life chances and access to resources
Status- social honour or prestige, cultural capital
Party- political power, having your interests realized

23
Q

Karl Marx- social context

A
  • born in Germany 1818-1883
  • grandfather was a lawyer, father a rabbi
  • converted to lutheranism bc of Jewish oppression
  • family friend was Baron Johann Ludwig von Westphalen: a govt official/aristocrat who had a big influence on Marx
  • very intellectual, studied philosophy at university
24
Q

Karl Marx- human nature

A
  • human nature is survival through economic production
  • human nature is perverted/destroyed through capitalism
  • human nature is social, made up of our social relations
  • we create our world
  • we change the environment and our creations show us our nature
25
Q

Karl Marx- central concerns

A
  • power, inequality, social change
  • the economy
  • class struggles
  • conflict
  • religion as a source of alienation
26
Q

Karl Marx- influences

A

Henri de Saint-Simons

  • society is based on industry
  • centrality of economy
  • socialism

German idealism

  • materialism vs idealism
  • Immanuel Kant’s unsocial sociability

Hegel

  • consciousness
  • sense-certainty: pure experience
  • hegel’s alienation: humans create meaning and impose it on the world, and then say that this created meaning is reality
  • hegel’s dialectic: contradiction

Ludwig Feuerbach

  • naturalism: the spiritual world is created by humans and is a reflection of them
  • religion a projection of mankind
27
Q

Karl Marx- value and exploitation

A

labor- capitalists pay less for labor than what its worth in order to make a profit
2 types of labor- necessary labor and surplus labor
-a worker is paid $75 ( necessary labor) and creates $200 of product. The $125 is surplus labor and allows the owner to profit.
-Marx calls the difference between necessary labor and surplus labor exploitation

28
Q

Karl Marx- species being

A
  • humans survive through production

- human consciousness is people seeing themselves in what they have created

29
Q

Karl Marx- Material Dialectic

A
  • accurate history focuses on the means of production
  • change occurs through tension around production and the economic system
  • conflict resulting from economics/production is the guiding force of history
  • shifts in economic systems
30
Q

Karl Marx- Class

A
  • class involves the means and relations of production
  • means: the methods and materials used
  • relations: the people involved and their relationships
31
Q

Karl Marx- Capitalism and Class

A

Capitalism creates unique class structure bc-

1) work/economic relations are no longer embedded with religious/family/political relations. Work is a separate sphere of life
2) Only two classes- proletariat (workers) and bourgeoisie (owners)

32
Q

Herbert Spencer- 4 societal types

A
  • simple societies: form a single working whole
  • compound societies: merging of simpler
  • doubly societies: have more complex political structure
  • trebly compound societies- great civilized nations
33
Q

Karl Marx- Capitalism

A

-a necessary evil: better than feudal system & eventually leads to classless society
Evil b/c it involves:
Exploitation: owners profiting more than workers
Alienation: humanity’s estrangement from their human essence
False consciousness: humans defining themselves by anything other than their relationship to production and thus missing the truth of existence

34
Q

Karl Marx- Class Consciousness

A

Workers becoming aware that their fate in life is determined by class
-happens as alienation and exploitation increase and workers come together

35
Q

Herbert Spencer- social context

A
  • born in England 1820-1903
  • no formal training, learned from networking
  • industrial revolution: technological growth
  • lived during unprecedented political/economic growth
  • clear positive effects of modern life
36
Q

Emile Durkheim- collective consciousness

A

-individual minds contain their desires plus collective representations from society

37
Q

Herbert Spencer- central concerns

A
  • functionalism
  • positivism (knowable laws govern the universe)
  • relationship btwn individual and government
  • freedom (ability to do what you want) and liberal utilitarianism
  • society as a system
  • social types
  • social institutions
  • modernity
38
Q

August Comte- three stages of knowledge

A

Theological- rigid religious
Metaphyscial- vague, transitional
Scientific- positivist, empirical

39
Q

Herbert Spencer- The Social System

A
  • society is a system
  • organism analogy: society has structures and systems just like a living thing, and has needs that are met by institutions
  • system: a whole made of interconnected parts
  • systems tend towards equilibrium and move towards balance
40
Q

Herbert Spencer- Social Change

A
  • change is a result of social responses to system pressures
  • not any individual’s decisions but the system adjusting
  • survival of the fittest- evolution/change is a matter of survival. Systems/societies have to adapt to survive
41
Q

Herbert Spencer- modernity vs postmodernity

A

Modernity
-high levels of structural differentiation
-increased complexity which gives societies more adaptability and ability to survive
Post Modernity
-institutional and cultural fragmentation
*difference is unity. differentiation still has unity while fragmentation doesn’t

42
Q

Herbert Spencer- Liberal Utilitarianism

A
  • liberty for each and liberty for all
  • freedom is doing what you want
  • your freedom shouldn’t interfere with other’s freedoms (law of equal freedom)
  • 2 individual rights: to ignore the state and to universal suffrage
43
Q

Herbert Spencer- human nature

A
  • people are rational

- people have the right to freedom

44
Q

Herbert Spencer- militaristic vs. industrial societies

A

militaristic: state is dominant and controls all aspects of society
industrial: less controlled by the state and oriented towards economic freedom and innovation
* societies become more complex over time and in general evolve from militaristic to industrial

45
Q

Emile Durkheim- influences

A

Rousseau

  • savage man
  • general will
  • created society because of social cooperation and now we need society to not fall back into our savage ways
46
Q

Emile Durkheim- anomie

A

Anomie is to be without norms or laws

-we need norms or life becomes meaningless

47
Q

Emile Durkheim- social solidarity

A
  • level of integration in society
  • individuals having a sense of belonging to the group
  • individuals limit their own desires for the good of the group
  • social units/groups organized into a single system
48
Q

Emile Durkheim- The Division of Labor (1892)

A
  • the division of labour creates solidarity bc individuals depend on eachother
  • social solidarity:
    • belonging
    • constraints
    • coordinated action
  • collective consciousness allows for social solidarity
  • diversity threatens collective consciousness
  • we need a moral framework to guide the collective consciousness and create social solidarity
49
Q

Emile Durkheim: morality

A
  • characteristic of society not individuals
  • how we live with eachother
  • to live in groups we need to think about others- needs to be some sort of morality and agreement on what’s important
50
Q

Durkheim: religion

A

presence of:

  • sacred things
  • beliefs and practices
  • a moral community
51
Q

Emile Durkheim- Suicide

A
  • the shift to modern society was leading to higher suicde rates
  • traditional society had higher social integration and a stronger colelctive consciousness
  • modern socity had a loss of communal life (decreasing importance of religion) and less social integration which was influencing the individual
  • loss of place in society
52
Q

Emile Durkheim- 4 types of suicide

A

Egoistic: low group attachment and extreme individualism
Altruistic: extremely high social integration and a sense of duty
Anomic: not enough regulation caused by anomie, when a culture can’t keep up with social changes
Fatalistic- too much regulation

SO 310 (1 decks)

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