theorists

Question 1

who theorises about regulation?

Answer 1

livingstone and lunt

Question 2

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livingstone and lunt’s theory is the idea that there is an underlying struggle in recent UK regulation policy between the need to…

Answer 2

…further the interests of citizens and the need to further the interests of consumers

Question 3

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livingstone and lunt’s theory is the idea that the increasing power of global media corporations, together with the rise of convergent media technologies and transformations in the production, distribution and marketing of digital media …

Answer 3

…have placed traditional approaches to media regulation at risk

Question 4

who theorises about cultural industries?

Answer 4

david hesmondhalgh

Question 5

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david hesmondhalgh’s theory is the idea that cultural industry companies try to minimise risk and maximise audiences through…

Answer 5

…vertical and horizontal integration

Question 6

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david hesmondhalgh’s theory is the idea that the largest companies or conglomerates operate across…

Answer 6

…a number of different cultural industries

Question 7

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david hesmondhalgh’s theory is the idea that the radical potential of the internet has been contained to some extent by its…

Answer 7

..partial incorporation into a large, profit-oriented set of cultural industries

Question 8

who theorises about power and media?

Answer 8

curran and seaton

Question 9

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curran and seaton’s theory is the idea that the media is controlled by…

Answer 9

…a small number of companies primarily driven by the logic of profit and power

Question 10

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curran and seaton’s theory is the idea that media concentration generally…

Answer 10

…limits or inhibits variety, creativity and quality

Question 11

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curran and seaton’s theory is the idea that more social diverse patterns of ownership help to…

Answer 11

…create the conditions for more varied and adventuruous media products

Question 12

who theorises about media effects?

Answer 12

albert bandura

Question 13

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albert bandura’s theory is the idea that the media can implant ideas…

Answer 13

…in the mind of the audience directly

Question 14

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albert bandura’s theory is the idea that audiences acquire…

Answer 14

…attitudes, emotional responses and new styles of conduct through modelling

Question 15

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albert bandura’s theory is the idea that media representations of transgressive behaviour can lead audience members to…

Answer 15

…imitate those forms of behaviour

Question 16

who theorises about cultivation?

Answer 16

george gerbner

Question 17

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george gerbner’s theory is the idea that exposure to repeated patterns of representation over long periods of time can shape and influence the way…

Answer 17

…in which people perceive the world around them (i.e. cultivating particular views and opinions)

Question 18

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george gerbner’s theory is the idea that cultivation reinforces…

Answer 18

…mainstream values (dominant ideologies)

Question 19

who theorises about reception?

Answer 19

stuart hall

Question 20

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stuart hall’s theory is the idea that communication is a process involving…

Answer 20

…encoding by producers and decoding by audiences

Question 21

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stuart hall’s theory is the idea that there are three hypothetical positions from which…

Answer 21

…messages and meanings may be decoded

Question 22

dominant-hegemonic position:

Answer 22

the encoder’s intended meaning is fully understood and accepted

Question 23

negotiated position:

Answer 23

the legitimacy of the encoder’s message is acknowledged in general terms, although the message is adapted or negotiated to better fit the decoder’s own individual experiences or context

Question 24

oppositional position:

Answer 24

the encoder’s message is understood, but the decoder disagrees with it

Question 25

who theorises about fandom?

Answer 25

henry jenkins

Question 26

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henry jenkins’ theory is the idea that fans are active particpants in the…

Answer 26

…construction and circulation of textual meanings

Question 27

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henry jenkins’ theory is the idea that fans appropriate texts and read them in ways that…

Answer 27

..are not fully authorised by the media producers

Question 28

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henry jenkins’ theory is the idea that fans construct their social and cultural identities through borrowing and inflecting…

Answer 28

…mass culture images, and a part of a participatory culture that has a vital social dimension

Question 29

who theorises about ‘end of audience’?

Answer 29

clay shirky

Question 30

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clay shirky’s theory is the idea that the internet and digital technologies have had a profound effect on…

Answer 30

…the relations between media and individuals

Question 31

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clay shirky’s theory is the idea that the conceptualism of audience members as passive consumers of mass media context is…

Answer 31

…no longer tenable in the age of the internet

Question 32

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clay shirky’s theory is the idea that media consumers have now become…

Answer 32

…producers who ‘speak back’ to the media, as well as creating and sharing content

Question 33

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(jenkins) interaction in video games allow fans to…

Answer 33

…construct their identities through the shared online gaming experience and the role-playing environment

Question 34

(hesmondhalgh) how did assassin’s creed minimise risk and maximise potential audiences?

Answer 34

by rereleasing the game onto different platforms, allowing audiences to play the game who had not been able to access the game previously