theorists

Question 1

ROLAND BARTHES

Answer 1

bath - can be filled to a CONNOTATIVE level or a DENOTATIVE level. and also created ENIGMA codes

Question 2

BELL HOOKS

Answer 2

hooked onto FEMINISM
the struggle to end patriarchal oppression
race and class also determines whether individuals are discriminated against

Question 3

TZVETAN TODOROV

Answer 3

double T meaning its equal - EQUILIBRIUM

Question 4

LIESBET VAN ZOONEN

Answer 4

men and women are portrayed different;y in the media - objectification of women
hegemony

Question 5

ABRAHAM MASLOW

Answer 5

stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs

Question 6

JUDITH BUTLER

Answer 6

judith-female butler-man
masculine and feminine not inherent
gender roles are constructed by society
gender is performative- it will exist once people refuse to perform the gender script

Question 7

BLUMER AND KATZ

Answer 7

uses and gratifications theory what people do with media as opposed to what media does to people
inform+educate,personal identity, entertainment and social interaction

Question 8

CLAUDE LEVI-STRAUSS

Answer 8

dash– the conflict between binary oppositions drives forward the narrative

Question 9

STUART HALL

Answer 9

hall full of people -preferred oppositional negotiated
media texts are encoded by creators and decoded by the audience
active audience - take texts differently- preferred, negotiated and oppositional.
Also depends on your cultural background

Question 10

STEVE NEALE

Answer 10

repetition and difference
films conform to the stereotypes of the genre however subvert convention to ensure uniqueness to maintain audiences attention and profit

Question 11

ALBERT BANDURA

Answer 11

people can acquire attitudes and emotional responses due to watching media products.
if an audience sees aggressive behaviour they’re likely to mimic it
1961-bobo doll experiment

Question 12

ANTONIO GRAMSCI

Answer 12

hegemony

Question 13

TESSA PERKINS

Answer 13

truth about stereotyping

Question 14

LAURA MULVEY

Answer 14

male gaze women in the media are viewed from the eyes of a heterosexual man

Question 15

VLADAMIR PROPP

Answer 15

literary critic and a scholar who said that certain types of characters were used in every narrative structure- hero princess villain etc…

Question 16

GEORGE GERBNER

Answer 16

G G

The more we see the same representation and messages the more we believe they are true

Question 17

DAVID GAUNTLETT

Answer 17

Building your own sense of identity

Audiences choose the products they want to engage with based on their own interests and desires

Question 18

ALVARADO

Answer 18

4 key themes in racial representation
EXOTIC-sex symbols, transparent clothing, sometimes Latin Americans
DANGEROUS-abuse, black males, gangs, rap music and violence
HUMEROUS-use of animation and cartoon characters, Simpsons, particular jokes against race, black Americans
PITIED-raise awareness of Africans, young children in need, persuasive, sadness

Question 19

PAUL GILROY

Answer 19

Culture has been an attempt too often to try explain the difference rather than the unity between people

Question 20

HENRY JENKINS

Answer 20

fandom-Shared enjoyment of an aspect of a particular culture
fans steal popular media ideas and recreate them in ways for their own uses
fans “active producers and manipulators of meaning”
]social activity

Question 21

CURRAN AND SEATON

Answer 21

Conglomerates(lots of little companies ran by one corporation) are driven by logic and power.

Question 22

DAVID HESMONDHALGH

Answer 22

Cultural industry companies try to minimise risk and maximise audiences through
vertical integration-Apple-companies that own all or most of the chain of production or distribution of their products
horizontal integration-Red bubble-lots of companies owned by a single owner-sell other peoples things

Question 23

LIVINGSTON AND LUNT

Answer 23

Struggle between trying to further interests of citizens(like protection of harmful material) and need to further interests of consumers too (like choice and value for money)
there is an increasing power of global media corporations
regulation is at risk